Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry Year 11 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Mixtures made of covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is crude oil a mixture?

A

The compounds aren’t chemically bonded together and are therefore easily separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A family of hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the first four members of the alkanes?

A

Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a substance when it is described as having saturated bonds?

A

A substance that has no double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds that can all be represented by the same general formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Two molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the isomers of butane?

A

Butane

2-Methyl propane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What different properties do isomers have compared to alkanes?

A

Lower boiling points because branching makes the molecule more compact and therefore decreases its SA. As a result, the inter molecular forces decrease as they depend on the SA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion of alkanes?

A

Alkane + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens when complete combustion of an alkane happens?

A

Lots of energy is released and the gas burns with a clear blue flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the formula for incomplete combustion of an alkane?

A

Alkane + oxygen —> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens when incomplete combustion of an alkane occurs?

A

Less energy is released and it isn’t safe because CO is poisonous. The gas burns with a smoky orange flame.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is formed when a halogen reacts with an alkane?

A

Haloalkanes are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What conditions are required for a haloalkane to form?

A

UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the equation for methane and bromine reacting together?

A

Methane + bromine –> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

CH4 + Br2 –> CH3Br + HBr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of reaction occurs when a halogen reacts with an alkane?

A

A substitution reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the test for an alkane?

A

Alkane + bromine water —> remains orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Hydrocarbons that have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is meant by an unsaturated molecule?

A

A molecule that has a double bond, so they’re more reactive than alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the first three members of the alkenes?

A

Ethene C2H4
Propene C3H6
Butene C4H8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the general formula for the alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the isomers of butene?

A

Butene
But-2-ene
2methylpropene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Alkene + bromine water –> goes from orange to colourless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkene?

A

They form haloalkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the equation for ethene + bromine?

A

Ethene + bromine –> dibromoethane

C2H4 + Br2 –> C2H4Br2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens when ethene and bromine react together?

A

The C C double bond is split and a bromine atom is added to each of the carbons, so it is called an addition reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the first three members of the alcohols?

A

Methanol CH3 OH CH4O
Ethanol CH3 CH2 OH C2H6O
Propanol CH3 CH2 CH2 OH C3H8O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the isomers of butanol?

A

Butanol
Butan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-1-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two methods used to produce ethanol?

A

Fermentation

Hydration of ethene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

A

Yeast is added to a sugar/starch solution
It’s left in the warm (30-40°C) in anaerobic conditions
Enzymes in the yeast convert the sugar into ethanol and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

Sucrose + water –> glucose
C12H22O11 + H2O –> 2C6H12O6

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

36
Q

What are the raw materials and what type are they needed for fermentation?

A

Glucose from plants (renewable)

37
Q

What are the conditions needed for fermentation?

A

Warm (30-40°C)
Normal pressure (1 atm)
Enzymes in yeast acting as a catalyst

38
Q

What are the energy costs of fermentation?

A

Little

39
Q

What type of process is fermentation?

A

A batch process

Inefficient because it isn’t continuous

40
Q

What is the reaction rate of fermentation?

A

Very slow

41
Q

Is the ethanol produced by fermentation pure?

A

No it’s impure so needs further treatment

42
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation?

A

Uses a renewable resource
Doesn’t release harmful gases into the atmosphere
It’s a batch process, so it can stop and start whenever
Little energy is required so there are lower energy costs

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

A 
Production costs are high
Lots of workers are needed
Production is slow
The product is impure so it needs further treatment
Releases CO2
44
Q

What is the process of hydration of ethene?

A

Ethanol is produced when ethene reacts with steam

45
Q

What are the raw materials and what type are they needed for hydration of ethene?

A

Ethene from crude oil

Non renewable

46
Q

What conditions are needed for the hydration of ethene?

A 
High temp (300°C)
High pressure (60-70 atm)
Phosphoric acid used as a catalyst
47
Q

What type of process is the hydration of ethene?

A

A continuous flow system which is efficient because a stream of reactants is passed continuously over a catalyst

48
Q

What are the energy costs of the hydration of ethene?

A

Higher than fermentation

49
Q

What is the reaction rate of the hydration of ethene?

A

Very fast

50
Q

How pure is the ethanol produced by the hydration of ethene?

A

Pure

51
Q

What are the advantages of the hydration of ethene?

A

Production is fast and continuous
Few workers are required so it’s a cheaper process
The product is pure

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydration of ethene?

A

It uses non renewable resource

Lots of energy, high temps and high pressures are needed so it’s more expensive

53
Q

What is the overall equation for the hydration of ethene?

A

Ethene + steam –> ethanol

C2H4 + H2O –> C2H5OH

54
Q

What are the uses for ethanol?

A 
Alcoholic drinks
Biofuel
Solvent in the manufacture of varnishes and perfumes
Preparation of flavourings
Disinfectant
55
Q

What is the process by which ethanol can be turned into ethene?

A

The dehydration of ethanol which is the removal of water from the ethanol, so it’s a dehydration reaction

56
Q

What is the process of the dehydration of ethanol?

A

Ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide which is acting as a catalyst. The OH- group is then removed from the ethanol along with a hydrogen atom.

57
Q

What is the equation for the dehydration of ethanol?

A

Ethanol –> ethene + water

C2H5OH –> C2H4 + H2O

58
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule made from lots of small molecules (monomers) joined together

59
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small molecules that join together to make polymers

60
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The formation of long chain molecules from lots of small molecules joining together

61
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation?

A

Addition polymerisation

Condensation polymerisation

62
Q

When does addition polymerisation occur?

A

When the same monomers containing carbon carbon double bonds join together to produce a very long chain

63
Q

What kind of monomers does addition polymerisation require?

A

Unsaturated monomers (alkenes) because during the reaction the double bond breaks open. The spare electrons are used to make bonds between the different monomers

64
Q

What are the conditions needed for addition polymerisation?

A

High pressure
High temperature
Catalyst

65
Q

What are the uses for poly(ethene)?

A

Low density poly(ethene) = not so strong and flexible so plastic bags
High density poly(ethene) = stronger and more rigid so plastic bottles

66
Q

What are the uses for poly(propene)?

A

Ropes and crates because it’s stronger than poly(ethene)

67
Q

What are the uses for poly(chloroethene)?

A

Drain pipes, window frames and electrical insulation because it’s strong and rigid and doesn’t conduct electricity

68
Q

When does condensation polymerisation occur?

A

When two different monomers join together alternately. Each time the two monomers join together a new molecule is lost.

69
Q

What two monomers are required to create nylon?

A 
Diamine = compound with an amine group at either end of the molecule
Dicarboxylic = compound sign an acid group at either and of the molecule
70
Q

What is the displayed formula for the two monomers needed to make nylon?

A

Diaminohexane (diamine) Hexanedioic acid (dicarboxylic acid)
O O
H H || ||
H-N- C6H12 -N-H + OH-C- C4H8 -C-OH

71
Q

What can the OH- ions in the hexanedioic acid be replaced by to bring down the temperature needed for the production of acid on an industrial scale?

A

Cl atoms

72
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil is heated until it is vapourised
The gases enter a fractionating column
Bitumen is drained off at the bottom
There is a temperature gradient in the fractionating column (hot at bottom (400°C) cold at top (150°C))
When the gases reach the part of the column where the temp is lower than their boiling point, they condense.
Longer hydrocarbons = high boiling points, so they condense and drain out of the column early when they’re near the bottom
Shorter hydrocarbons = low boiling points, so they turn liquid and drain out later on near the top of the column where it’s cooler
Bubble caps in the fractionating column stop the separated liquids from running back down the column and mixing.
End result = crude oil mixture is separated into different fractions. Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

73
Q

What are the fractions that crude oil is separated into and what are their uses?

A

Refinery gases = bottled gas, heating, pottery and glass manufacture

Gasoline = fuel for cars

Naphtha = starting material to make plastics, dyes, explosives and paints

Kerosene = jet engines, domestic heating and paint solvent

Diesel = fuel for Diesel engines in cars, trucks, trains and boats

Fuel Oil = domestic central heating, fuel for big ships

Bitumen = road surfacing and asphalt for roofs

74
Q

Why is fractional distillation a physical process?

A

No chemical reactions occur

75
Q

What are the properties of the smaller chain alkanes in the fractions as the temp increases?

A

Flammability = decreases because IM forces are stronger as the length of the chain increases

Viscosity = increases

Boiling Point = increases because IM forces are stronger so more energy is needed to break them

Volatility = decreases because IM forces are stronger so it’s thicker

Colour = gets darker

No of carbons in chain = increases

76
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

How gloopy/thick a substance is

77
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easily something turns from a liquid to a gas

78
Q

At what temperature is the yeast poisoned by its own excretion product during fermentation?

A

14%

79
Q

How is strong alcohol made?

A

By distillation

80
Q

What is the test for ethanol?

A

Try to ignite the vapour produced by distillation with a match

81
Q

What is the sequence of events for crude oil to ethanol?

A 
Crude oil extracted
Fractional distillation
Cracking
Hydration
Ethanol is produced
82
Q

Why are the alkanes cracked after fractional distillation?

A

Long hydrocarbons have high boiling points and are viscous

There is a higher demand for shorter hydrocarbons like octane because they are more useful

83
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules by heating them (thermal decomposition).

84
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

A shorter chain alkane and two alkenes

85
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A

Heat (600-700°C)

A powdered catalyst (silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3))

86
Q

Describe the process of cracking

A

Mineral wool soaked in paraffin is heated for a few seconds, then the catalyst is heated for a few seconds.
Continue until the paraffin is vapourised and the catalyst glows red.
The heated paraffin vapour cracks as it passes over the heated catalyst.
Small alkenes collect at the end of the boiling tube.
Alkane gases travel down the delivery tube.
The alkenes are then collected through water using a glass jar.

87
Q

Why is CO poisonous?

A

It combines with haemoglobin in the RBCs, so they can’t carry as much oxygen. This can result in fainting, coma or death.

Chemistry Year 11 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions