Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Definition organic compound
A
compound contains carbon and hydrogen in covalently bonded structure
2
Q
Definition catenation
A
carbon’s ability to link itself to form chains and rings
3
Q
Definition saturation
A
compounds with single carbon bonds, ex alkanes
4
Q
Definition unsaturation
A
compounds with carbon double or triple bonds, ex alkenes, arenes
5
Q
Definition Aliphatics
A
compounds which do not contain a benzene ring, may be saturated or unsaturated.
- ex alkanes, alkenes
6
Q
Definition Arenes
A
compounds which contain a benzene ring
- unsaturated
- ex benzene, phenol
7
Q
Definition Electrophile (electron-seeking)
A
- an electron deficient species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron rich
- electrophiles are positives ions or have a partial positive change
- ex NO2+, H+
8
Q
Definition Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking)
A
- electron rich species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron deficient
- nucleophiles have a long pair of electrons and may have a negative charge
- ex- Cl-, OH-, NH3
9
Q
Addition Reaction
A
- occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product
- unsaturated compounds
10
Q
Substitution Reaction
A
- occurs when one atom or group of atoms in compound is replaced by a different atom or group
- saturated compounds or aromatic compounds
11
Q
Addition- Elimination Reaction
A
- occurs when two reactants join together (addition) and in the process a small molecule is lost (elimination)
- between functional group in each reactant
- called condensation reaction
12
Q
Definition Homolytic fission
A
- when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between two products
- produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron
13
Q
Definition Heterolytic fission
A
- when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products
- produces two oppositely charged ions
14
Q
Way to remember order of alkanes
A
my enormous penis bangs pussy hard
15
Q
alcohol functional group suffix and functional group
A
- anol
- OH
16
Q
alkyne functional group suffix and functional group
A
- yne
- triple bond between 2 carbons
17
Q
ether functional group suffix and functional group
A
- oxyalkane
- R–O–R
18
Q
aldehyde functional group suffix and functional group
A
- anal
- C=O, C-H
19
Q
ketone functional group suffix and functional group
A
- anone
- C-C-C
=
O
20
Q
carboxylic acid functional group suffix and functional group
A
- antic acid
- C=O, C-OH
21
Q
ester functional group suffix and functional group
A
- anoate
- C=O, C-OC
22
Q
Primary carbon atom
A
attached to functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms
23
Q
Secondary carbon atom
A
- attached to functional group, one hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups (C atoms)
24
Q
Tertiary carbon atom
A
- attached to functional group, 3 alkyl groups, no hydrogen atoms
25
Primary nitrogen atom
- attached to alkyl group, at least 2 hydrogen atoms
26
Secondary Nitrogen atom
- 1 hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups
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Tertiary Nitrogen atom
- 3 alkyl groups
28
Arenes definition
- class of compounds derived from Benzene (C6H6)
- properties distinct from other organic compounds
- Have functional group: C6H5-
29
Basics of Alkanes
- saturated hydrocarbons
- only react in presence of strong source of energy
- stable under most conditions: stored, transported safely
- non-polar bonds, so low reactivity
30
Combustion of Alkanes
- highly exothermic- release a lot of energy when combust
31
In complete combustion of alkanes, the products are:
- CO2 and H20
| - products are fully oxidized
32
In incomplete combustion of alkanes where oxygen supply is limited and super limited:
- limited: creates water and Carbon Monoxide
| - super limited: create carbon
33
What is a difference that can be observed about the flame between alkanes and alkenes?
in alkenes, as C:H ratio increases with unsaturation, there's a more smoky flame because of the unburned Carbon
34
Products of alkane combustion effects on environment
- CO2 and H20- greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and contribute to climate change and global warming
- CO is fatal toxin at high concentrations because it bonds to hemoglobin in blood
- Unburned Carbon particles- lead to respiratory effects and global dimming (form smog in polluted air)
35
Substitution reaction of alkanes
- halogen takes place of H atom in alkane
| - UV light necessary to break covalent bond of Chlorine molecule
36
Steps of substitution reaction of alkanes
initiation- forms two free radicles
propagation- free radicles react with other reactants or products, produce more free radicles (chain reaction)
termination- free radicles react with other free radicles, stopping the chain reaction
37
Alkanes and Alkenes in Bromine water
- bromine water orange-brown
- alkane and bromine water= still orange brown
- alkene and bromine water= bromine water decolorized. Bromine blinded to extra carbon chains
38
Alkene Basics
- unsaturated hydrocarbon
- carbon- carbon double bond
- carbon atoms in bond have trigonal planar shape with 120 degrees angle
- more reactive than alkanes- one of the double bond is easily broken
- addition reaction forms different saturated products
39
What bond angle to alkenes have
carbon atoms that form double bond have trigonal planar shape, angle 120 degrees
40
Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes
- form alkanes with higher melting points
- nickel catalyst at 150 degrees Celsius
- called hydrogenation
- done in margarine industry, so margarine is solid at room temperature
41
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- form dihalogeno compounds
- result in loss of color of halogen
- happen quickly at room temperature
42
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- form dihalogeno compounds
- result in loss of color of halogen
- happen quickly at room temperature
- form alkane
43
Addition of halogen halides (ex HCl, HBr) to Alkenes
- form alkane
- reactivity is HI>HBr>HCl
HI has weakest bond, and reacts more readily
44
Addition of water to Alkenes
- hydration- reaction with water
- converts alkene into alcohol
- concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4)
- ethanol is manufactured in large scale, is a solvent
45
addition polymers
- long chained alkenes
- able to be joined together because they readily break their double bond and undergo addition reactions
- ex ethene ----> polythene
46
Nucleophilic substitution
reactions where halogen is substituted
47
Electrophilic substitution
when an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich area and substitution occurs
48
Reaction of benzene with halogens
C6H6 + Cl2 = C6H5Cl + HCl
49
Properties of Benzene
- high degree of unsaturation because of 1:1 ration of carbon to hydrogen
- 1 isomer
- reluctant to undergo addition reactions
- each carbon has 3 single bonds (120 degrees)
- delocalized electrons is a stable arrangement- symmetrical cloud of electron charge above and below plane
50
Benzene Bonding
- all carbon-carbon bond lengths equal
- more likely to undergo substitution to preserve stable ring structure
- more stable structure than predicted by Kekule
51
What is the one isomer of benzene?
1,2- dibromobenzene
52
What is a homologous series?
Series of compounds with the same general formula but differ in structural unit.
