Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Crude oil

Answer 1

• formed over millions of years from the fossiles remains of plankton
• found in porous rocks in earths crust
• non renewable

Question 2

Most compounds in crude oil are

Answer 2

Hydrocarbons

Question 3

The larger the hydrocarbon:

Answer 3

• more viscous
• higher boiling point
• less volatile
• less easily it ignites

Question 4

Crude oil can be separated by

Answer 4

Fractional distillation

Question 5

A fraction is

Answer 5

A set of hydrocarbon molecules

Question 6

The bigger the fraction

Answer 6

The bigger the boiling point

Question 7

Fractional distillation steps

Answer 7

1. Crude oil is heated to make a vapour
2. Vapour rises up the column
3. The column is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
4. Hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures depending on the boiling point

Question 8

Alkenes are

Answer 8

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 9

Alkene + hydrogen —>

Answer 9

Alkane

Question 10

The complete combustion of an alkane results in

Answer 10

The production of CO2 gas

Question 11

Alkane are defined as

Answer 11

Saturated hydrocarbon

Question 12

Alkane are

Answer 12

• fairly un reactive

- burn well

Question 13

What are used to make polymers

Answer 13

Alkenes

Question 14

What’s a monomer

Answer 14

Small molecule with a double bond

Question 15

How to represent polymerisation

Answer 15

Text book pg70

Question 16

In addition polymerisation reactions

Answer 16

• The repeating units and the monomer units contain the same atoms
• the percentage atom economy is 100%

Question 17

The properties of a polymer metal depend on

Answer 17

• What it is made from(what monomer)

- The conditions under which it was made(catalyst/ temperature)

Question 18

What is low density polythene used for

Answer 18

Carrier bags

Question 19

What is high-density Polythene useful

Answer 19

Plastic bottles

Question 20

Condensation polymerisation

Answer 20

Monomer molecules joined together To form large polymer molecules and lose small molecules such as water

Question 21

Meth

Answer 21

1

Question 22

Eth

Answer 22

2

Question 23

Prop

Answer 23

3

Question 24

But

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Pent

Answer 25

5

Question 26

Hex

Answer 26

6

Question 27

Most fuels arevcompounds of

Answer 27

Hydrogen and carbon Many also contain sulfur

Question 28

During the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

Answer 28

- both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised - energy is released - waste products are released into the atmosphere

Question 29

Carbon monoxide is

Answer 29

Colourless Odourless Toxic gas

Question 30

Cracking is where

Answer 30

Longer- chain hydrocarbon can be broken down into shorter more useful hydrocarbon

Question 31

During thermal cracking

Answer 31

- hydrocarbons heated until thu vaporise - valour passsed over a hat catalyst - thermal decomposition reaction takes place

Question 32

During steam cracking

Answer 32

Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature 500

Question 33

Alkenes have a

Answer 33

Double bond

Question 34

Are alkenes or alkenes more reactive?

Answer 34

Alkenes because if the double carbon bond

Question 35

Alkenes burn with a

Answer 35

Smokey flame

Question 36

Alkene+ hydrogen —>

Answer 36

Alkane

Question 37

Alkene+steam—>

Answer 37

Alcohol

Question 38

Alkene turns bromine water

Answer 38

Colourless

Question 39

Aqueous solution of ethanol can by produced by

Answer 39

Fermentation of sugar

Question 40

During fermentation | Sugar—>

Answer 40

Ethanol+carbon dioxide

Question 41

Temperature during fermentation Why

Answer 41

25-50 Celsius Too low yeast inactive Too high yeast denatured

Question 42

Alcoholic functional group

Answer 42

Hydroxyl -OH

Question 43

Alcohols:

Answer 43

- Dissolve in water to form neutral solutions - React with sodium to produce hydrogen - Burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water - Are used as fuels and solvents

Question 44

Alcoholic drinks contain

Answer 44

Ethanol

Question 45

Carboxylic acid functional group

Answer 45

Carboxyl | COOH

Question 46

Carboxylic acids:

Answer 46

- Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions - React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide - React with alcohol to form esters - Do not ionise fully in water so they are called weak acids

Question 47

If combustion is not complete

Answer 47

Then carbon monoxide, unburnt fuels and solid particles containing soot(carbon) may be released

Question 48

Particulates can cause | Solid particulates in the air

Answer 48

Global dimming by reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earths surface and cause damage to people’s lung

Question 49

Due to the high temperatures reached when fuels burn

Answer 49

Nitrogen in the air can react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides These gases can cause respiratory problems and can react with rain water to form acid rain

Question 50

Alkane Turns bromine water

Answer 50

Orange brown solution

Question 51

Ethene reacted with bromine forms

Answer 51

Dibromoethane

Question 52

Ethanol can be produced by

Answer 52

Fermentation of sugar

Question 53

Sugar—>

Answer 53

Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 54

The main acid and vinegar

Answer 54

Ethanoic acid

Question 55

Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by

Answer 55

chemical oxidising agents or bacteria from the air

Question 56

Esters form from

Answer 56

Alcohol and carboxylic acids

Question 57

Esters fictional group

Answer 57

COO

Question 58

Ethanol + ethanoic acid

Answer 58

Ethyl ethanoate Ester

Question 59

Esters are

Answer 59

Volatile compounds Low boiling point Distinctive smells perfumes

Question 60

Amino acids functional groups

Answer 60

Amine group NH2 Carboxyl group COOH

Question 61

DNA

Answer 61

Two polymer chains constructed from four different nucleotides Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine

Question 62

Starch and cellulose

Answer 62

Polymers of sugar Made by plants Starch sugar and cellulose are all carbohydrates