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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is CRUDE OIL?

A

Crude oil is unprocessed oil

a mixture of hydrocarbons w/ different chain lengths

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2
Q

What is a fraction in fractional distillation?

A

A fraction is a group of hydrocarbons w/similar chain lengths so will have similar temperature ranges

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3
Q

What hydrocarbons catch fire easily

A

Smaller hydrocarbons catch fire more easily

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4
Q

What are ALKANES

A

saturated hydrocarbons
single covalent bond C-C

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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5
Q

Who burns well alkanes or alkenes?

A

ALKANES BURN WELL 🔥

alkane + oxygen —> CO2 + water

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6
Q

This thing only reacts with halogens WITH UV LIGHT, what is it?

A

ALKANES only react w/ halogens w: UV LIGHT

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7
Q

What are ALKENES?

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons
double covalent bonds C=C

ethene
propene
butene

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8
Q

What is the general formula of ALKENES

A

C(n)H(2n)

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9
Q

What is the general formula of ALKANES

A

C(n) H(2n+2)

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10
Q

Do alkanes or alkenes react with halogens WITHOUT UV LIGHT?

A

Alkenes react with halogens to form HALOALKANES

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11
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest whole no. ratio of atoms in a compound

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12
Q

molecular formula

A

actual no. of atoms in a molecule

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13
Q

homologous series

A

Series of compound w/ similar chemical properties

Cos they have the same FUNCTIONAL GROUP + general formula

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14
Q

Functional group

A

an atom/ group of atoms that determine chemical properties of a compound (how it reacts)

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15
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Are 2 molecules that have the same molecular formula but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA

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16
Q

If the functional group is in a different place on a type of isomer what properties does it change?

A

The two isomers will have different physical properties (temperature)

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17
Q

Give the order of carbon stems:

A 
Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hex-
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18
Q

Does ethene or propene have isomers?

A

NOOOOOO

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19
Q

What does the side chain CH3 code for?

A

METHYL = CH3

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20
Q

What does the side chain CH3CH2 code for?

A

CH3CH2 = ethyl

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21
Q

Give word equation for the complete combustion of an alkane in a good supply of o2

A

Alkane + oxygen —> co2 + water

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22
Q

Give word equation for alkane burnt in poor supply of o2:

A

alkane + oxygen —> carbon + water

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23
Q

Give the molecular formula for PROPANE

A

C3H8 = propane

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24
Q

Give the molecular formula for butane

A

C4H10

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25
Give the molecular formula of butene
C4H8 = butene
26
What happens when ethene is mixed with bromine water
Colour change— solution goes from orange 🔶 to colourless ⬜️ Cos alkenes react with halogens to form haloalkanes It’s an addition reaction (cos C=C double bond split and a halogen atom added)
27
What happens when u burn a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> CO2 + water
28
As the hydrocarbon molecules get bigger, what happens to the intermolecular forces
As the number of C atoms in a hydrocarbon increase ~ the intermolecular forces become STRONGER
29
What is a fuel
A substance which releases HEAT energy when burnt
30
Give 2 environmental problems associated w/ burning fossil fuels
1) CO + soot => carbon sinks toxic to environment 2) ACID RAIN => NO2, NO produced cos temps so high when heating crude oil (that nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the air) => SO2+ water vapour makes lakes acidic for fish 🎣
31
What is CRACKING
when longer chain hydrocarbons are broken up into shorter chain (more useful) hydrocarbs
32
Give 4 ways in which smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than larger ones:
Small hydrocarbons have * low b.p. * catch fire easily * have a clean flame * are runny
33
What conditions are needed to “crack” a long chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane + what ?
Long chain alkane + HEAT 600*c + catalyst ——> shorter alkane + Alkene
34
What is the difference between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
Both require catalyst BUT catalytic cracking is at low temp whereas thermal cracking is at high temp
35
What is the alcohol functional group
-OH
36
What is the general formula of alcohols
C(n)H(2n+1) OH
37
How can the oxidation of ethanol be shown in a lab
ethanol + POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (VI) catalyst in sulfuric acid Heat in water bath It turns into ethanoic acid Like 🍷 turns into vinegar (this is just in a lab)
38
Give the molecular formula of methanol
CH4O
39
What does the oxidation of alcohol produce and what functional group does this product belong to
Ethanol—> ETHANOIC ACID (carboxylate acid)
40
Write a word equation for when u burn an alcohol
alcohol + oxygen —> co2 + water
41
What is a biofuel
A fuel made from biological sources (e.g. sugar cane)
42
Explain why something is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Because it • has a double bond = unsaturated • is made C and H atoms only
43
Give the order of hydrocarbons produced from crude oil from top to bottom
1) refinery gases 2) gasoline 3) kerosene 4) diesel oil 5) fuel oil 6) BITUMEN r... gkdfb
44
Why are alkanes described as saturated hydrocarbons?
Because Alkanes contain only C-C single bonds
45
What happens when u burn an alkane
Alkane + oxygen —> CO2 + water
46
Why are alkenes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
Because they contain a C=C double bond
47
Why is a reaction between an ALKENE and a halogen called an ADDITION REACTION
Because when a haloalkane forms the C=C double bond splits and a halogen atom is ADDED
48
ALKENE + oxygen—>
ALKENE + oxygen —> co2 + water
49
What happens when an ALKENE reacts with water
Water + alkene—> alcohol
50
What is the catalyst and temperature for the hydration of ethene
Phosphoric acid 300*C
51
Explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
Because they have C-C single bonds
52
How do you get an alkane to react with a halogen
In the presence of UV radiation alkanes react with halogens
53
Why are monomers always alkenes
Because to make a polymer u need to split the double bond in the alkene for a chain ⛓⛓⛓
54
What happens when you react a carbonate + carboxylic acid—>
Carbonate + carboxylic acid —> Co2 + carboxylate salt + water
55
Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid—>
Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid—> sodium ethanoate + co2 + water
56
What is esterification
when an Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> Ester + water
57
What is the ESTER functional group
-COO
58
What is the carboxylic acid functional group
-COOH
59
What is refinery gas used for
LPG (fuel for domestic cooking)
60
What is gasoline used for
Petrol for cars 🚙
61
What is kerosene used for
Jet fuel ✈️
62
What is diesel used for
Fuel for buses/ Diesel engines 🚛
63
What is fuel oil used for
Fuel oil is fuel for ships 🚢
64
What is bitumen used for
Bitumen is thick, black material melted for SURFACE OF ROADS 🛣
65
State the equation for an INCOMPLETE combustion of a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon + O2 —> C + H2O 💦
66
State the equation for a COMPLETE combustion of a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon + O2 —> CO2 + H2O 💦
67
``` As hydrocarbon molecules get bigger what happens to •boiling point •volatility •colour •viscosity ```
As hydrocarbon molecules get BIGGER * boiling point INCREASES 🔝 * become less volatile (take longer to evaporate) * become DARKER in colour * become more VISCOUS
68
What type of hydrocarbons burn with a cleaner flame/ burn well
Smaller hydrocarbons burn well
69
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous
Because carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin in the blood and makes it harder for the red blood cells to carry OXYGEN
70
Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide
Fossil fuels contain small amounts of sulfur. When the fuel is burnt the sulfur reacts with the oxygen—> producing SULFUR DIOXIDE
71
Give 2 catalysts that can be used for cracking of a long chain alkane at 600*C
``` Either SILICA (SiO2) Or ALUMINA (Al2O3) ```
72
Explain why cracking is necessary
Because the fraction obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil has too many long chain hydrocarbons, whereas SHORT CHAIN Alkanes/ hydrocarbons r MORE USEFUL + there’s a greater demand for them
73
Why are alcohols not hydrocarbons
Because they also contain OXYGEN, whereas a hydrocarbon is made from carbon + hydrogen atoms only
74
What catalyst is used in the hydration of ethene
PHOSPHORIC acid (catalyst)

IGCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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