organic chemistry

Question 1

formula for alkanes

Answer 1

c-c

Question 2

formula for alkenes

Answer 2

c=c

Question 3

formula for haloalkane

Answer 3

c-x

Question 4

formula for alcohol

Answer 4

c-oh

Question 5

formula for aldehyde

Answer 5

• c=o

- h

Question 6

formula for ketone

Answer 6

-c(=o)-

Question 7

formula for carboxylic acid

Answer 7

• c=o

- oh

Question 8

formula for esters

Answer 8

-c(=o)-o-

Question 9

cyclohexene with alternate double bonds =

Answer 9

benzene/phenyl

Question 10

e/z - which is which side of double bond

Answer 10

zed is on ze zame zide
therefore
e is opposite sides of double bond

Question 11

cis/trans

Answer 11

cis = sisters = same side 
trans = latin = across = opposite sides

Question 12

what is homolytic fisson

Answer 12

each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Question 13

what is heterolytic fisson

Answer 13

one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

Question 14

radical substitution of alkanes example

Answer 14

ch4 +cl2 (UV LIGHT) - ch3cl + hcl

Question 15

initiation reaction of radical substitution example

Answer 15

cl2 (+UV LIGHT) - 2cl radicals

Question 16

propagation reactions of radical substitution example

Answer 16

ch4 + cl radical - radical ch3 +hcl

radical ch3 + cl2 - ch3cl +cl radical

Question 17

termination reactions of radical substitution example

Answer 17

radical ch3 +cl radical - ch3cl
cl radical + cl radical - cl2
radical ch3 + radical ch3 - ch3ch3

Question 18

possible side products of radical substitution example

Answer 18

could produce any of possible isomers
multiple substitutions can happen
products of termination reactions could also be halogenated

Question 19

what is a sigma bond

Answer 19

a sigma bond is formed by the overlap of orbital directly between the bonding atoms. they are free to rotate

Question 20

what happens to boiling points of straight chain alkanes as their length increases

Answer 20

boiling points increase

• as chain length increases, number of electrons in the molecule increases
• van der Waals forces (London) increase
• more energy required to overcome intermolecular forces

Question 21

what happens to boiling point as isomeric alkanes become more branched

Answer 21

boiling point decreases

• although same number of electrons, branched isomers have a smaller surface area for the london forces to act through
• smaller attraction between molecules
• boiling point decreases

Question 22

what are the two reaction of alkanes

Answer 22

radical substitution

combustion (complete or incomplete)

Question 23

what are the products of complete combustion

Answer 23

co2 +h2o

Question 24

what are the products of incomplete combustion

Answer 24

co + h2o

Question 25

why aren't alkanes very reactive

Answer 25

high c-h bond enthalpy and bond is of low polarity

Question 26

what is the problem with incomplete combustion

Answer 26

production of poisonous co. bonds with haemoglobin preferentially to oxygen

Question 27

what dissolves what

Answer 27

like dissolves like! | polar dissolves polar and unpolar dissolves unpolar

Question 28

what is a pi bond

Answer 28

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the plane of the bonding carbon atoms

Question 29

what is a double bond

Answer 29

a pi bond and a sigma bond

Question 30

which is stronger a sigma bond or pi

Answer 30

sigma. pi = 265, sigma = 347. together = 612

Question 31

what is electrophilic addition

Answer 31

the addition of an electrophile to another molecule

Question 32

what is an electrophile

Answer 32

an electron pair acceptor

Question 33

what are the conditions needed for ethene +water(steam) - ethanol

Answer 33

h3po4 catalyst (phosphoric acid) 300degreesC 65atm

Question 34

which is the more likely carbocation to be formed

Answer 34

tertiary>secondary>primary as tertiary is most stable therefore tertiary is most likely to be major product form hydrohalogenation

Question 35

what is hydohalogentation

Answer 35

addition of hydrogen and a halogen eg hcl to an alkene to form a haloalkane

Question 36

what is hydrogenation

Answer 36

addition of hydrogen to an alkene to form an alkane

Question 37

what is a stereoisomer

Answer 37

a compound with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

Question 38

what is an isomer

Answer 38

a compound with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula