Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Compounds made from only hydrogen and carbon

Question 2

Whats the formula of an alkane?

Answer 2

CnH2n+2

Question 3

Whats a homologous series?

Answer 3

A group of organic compounds acting in a similar way

Question 4

What are the first 4 alkanes?

Answer 4

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

Question 5

What happens to the properties the shorter hydrocarbon?

Answer 5

The lower the viscosity, the higher the volatility and flammability.

Question 6

Whats the combustion of a hydrocarbon with oxygen?

Answer 6

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

Question 7

How is crude oil formed?

Answer 7

From remains of plants and animals. mainly plankton, from millions of years ago. The remains turned to crude oil with high pressures and temperatures.

Question 8

What happens in fractional distillation?

Answer 8

The oil is heated until it turns to gas, which then goes in a fractionating column.
The longer hydrocarbons, which have higher boiling points, condense first and go to the bottom of the column while the shorter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense later and go the top of the column, leaving you with fractions.

Question 9

What can hydrocarbons be used to make?

Answer 9

Polymers, solvents, lubricants, and detergents.

Question 10

What is cracking?

Answer 10

Turning long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons

Question 11

Whats the process of cracking?

Answer 11

Thermal:
Heat the long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them.
The gas is passed over hot, powered aluminium oxide, a catalyst, to crack them.
Steam:
Heat the hydrocarbons to vaporise them,
Mix it with steam
Heat them again at a high temperature for them to split.

Question 12

Whats the formula of cracking?

Answer 12

long chain hydrocarbon –> short chain hydrocarbon + ethene

Question 13

What are alkenes?

Answer 13

Hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond, making them unsaturated

Question 14

What are the first 4 alkenes?

Answer 14

Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene

Question 15

Whats the formula of an alkene?

Answer 15

CnH2n

Question 16

Whats the incomplete combustion of an alkene?

Answer 16

Alkene + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Question 17

Whats alkenes’ functional group?

Answer 17

C=C

Question 18

What happens when you add bromine water to an alkene?

Answer 18

It will become colourless

Question 19

What happens when alkenes react with water?

Answer 19

it will turn into an alcohol

Question 20

What are polymers?

Answer 20

Long molecules of monomers

Question 21

Whats addition polymerisation?

Answer 21

Lots of alkenes opening up their bonds and joining together.

Question 22

Whats the functional group of alcohols/

Answer 22

-OH

Question 23

Whats the formula of an alcohol?

Answer 23

CnH2n+1OH

Question 24

Whats the first 4 alcohols?

Answer 24

Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol

Question 25

Whats the complete combustion of alcohols?

Answer 25

alcohol + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

Question 26

What are properties of alcohols?

Answer 26

They're flammable, soluble in water, can react with sodium and can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids.

Question 27

What can alcohols be used for?

Answer 27

Solvents and fuels

Question 28

Whats the process used to convert sugars into ethanol?

Answer 28

Fermentation

Question 29

Whats the functional group of carboxylic acids?

Answer 29

-COOH

Question 30

Whats the first 4 carboxylic acids?

Answer 30

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

Question 31

Whats the formula when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

Answer 31

Carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate --> sodium ...anoate + carbon dioxide + water

Question 32

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in wtaer

Answer 32

They ionise and release their H+ ions, causing an acidic solution.

Question 33

Whats the functional group of esters?

Answer 33

-COO-

Question 34

How are esters formed (formula)?

Answer 34

alcohol + carboxylic acid (+ acid catalyst) --> ester + water

Question 35

Whats an example of an ester?

Answer 35

Ethyl Ethanoate

Question 36

Whats condensation polymerisation?

Answer 36

Monomers with different functional groups reacting and forming polymer chains and while reacting, losing water at the same time

Question 37

What are the functional groups of an amino acid?

Answer 37

Amino -NH2 | Acidic Carboxyl -COOH