Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering Flashcards by Reindel Mallari

Who coined the word enzyme first?

Wilhelm Kühne

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Substituent effects:
Enumerate Ortho- and Para- Activating Substituents

-Hydroxy
-Alkyl
-Amino
-Alkoxy
-Halogen (-OR)
-Acetamido (-NHCOCH3)

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Substituent effects:
Enumerate Meta- Activating Substituents

-Sulfonic Acid
-Carbonyl
-Cyano
-Carboxyl
-Nitro

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Zaitev’s Rule
(Definition and when to apply)

“the rich getting richer, the poor getting poorer”
The carbon with the fewest hydrogens loses the hydrogen.

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Catalyzed the Biochemical Engineering Field

Penicillin

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Most abundant organic compounds in the plant world.

Carbohydrates

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These biomolecules are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them.

Carbohydrates

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What are used in animals as a source of quick energy that can be stored in the liver and muscles？

Carbohydrates

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Sugars, starches, and cellulose belong to which major class of biological molecules?

carbohydrates

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(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for which type of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates

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Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets store the energy as simple sugars. Other plants, like corn and potatoes, store the energy as more complex sugars called?

starches

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Monosaccharides chemical formula

Cn(H2O)n

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Monosaccharides:
Differentiate Aldoses and Ketoses

Aldoses: contains aldehyde group. Carbonyl (C=O) at C1 (at one end)
Ketoses: contains ketone group. Carbonyl (C=O) at other carbon atom

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Enumerate Monosaccharides

ALL ALTruists GLadly MAke GUm In GALlon TAnks
-Allose
-Altrase
-Glucose
-Mannose
-Gulose
-Idose
-Galactose
-Talose

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Explain D-L stereochemistry of Carbohydrates

*Emil Fischer
Dextrorotatory – highest numbered chiral carbon on right side
Levorotatory - highest numbered chiral carbon on left side

Can also be based on penultimate carbon (2nd to last)

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What are chiral carbons?

Carbon connected to four different functional groups

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Describe anomers, alpha and beta anomers

Anomeric carbon - Carbon in ring attached to hydroxyl group (-OH)
Alpha anomer = trans configuration
Beta anomer = cis config, more contributing

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Bonds between monosaccharaide units

Glycosidic bond

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Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Cellulose

Sucrose

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Oligosaccharides vs Polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides: 6 to 10 monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides: >10 monosaccharide units

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Found in cell walls of nearly all plants where it gives support and rigidity to plant stems.

ADDITIONAL: What is its composition?

Cellulose
20% amylose, 80% amylopectin

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Main carbohydrate found in the seeds and roots of plants.

Starch

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Enumerate Disaccharides (and combinations)

1) Sucrose
- Glucose + Fructose
- a-1,2-glycosidic bond
- From sugar cane and photosynthetic plants
- Only non-reducing sugar (negative Fehling’s)

2) Maltose
- Glucose + Glucose
- from hydrolysis of starch
- a-1,4-glycosidic bond.

3) Lactose
- Glucose + Galactose
- b-1,4-glycosidic bond

4) Cellobiose
- from partial hydrolysis of cellulose
- Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

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Differentiate bonds in Disaccharides:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Cellobiose

Sucrose: a(1–>2)
Lactose: B(1–>4)
Maltose: a(1–>4)
Cellobiose: B(1–>4)

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Describe Sucrose

1) Sucrose - Glucose + Fructose - From sugar cane and photosynthetic plants - Only non-reducing sugar (negative Fehling's)

Describe Maltose

2) Maltose - Glucose + Glucose - from hydrolysis of starch - Alpha-Glycosidic Linkage

Describe Lactose

3) Lactose - Glucose + Galactose - Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

Describe Cellobiose

4) Cellobiose - from partial hydrolysis of cellulose - Beta-Glycosidic Linkage

Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world.

Sucrose

Describe the following Polysaccharides: Starch Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen Celulose

*Starch - energy storage for plants. Can be separated into two fractions: amylose and amylopectin * Amylose - 1,4-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds * Amylopectin - branching with 1,4-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds & 1,6-ALPHA-glycosidic bonds * Glycogen - energy storage for animals. similar structure to amylopectin but more extensive branching * Celulose -1,4-BETA-glycosidic bonds

Animals stored energy in glycogen, while plants in starch. What is the difference of their structure?

Starch - sugar molecules linked in same interval Glycogen - branching chains

Proponent of ABO blood group system

Karl Landsteiner

Invert sugar consists of ___ and ___

fructose and glucose

Describe Chemical Characterization of Sugars Fehling's Test Tollen's Test Benedict's Test Iodine Test

IDENTIFY REDUCING SUGARS Fehling's Test: form red ppt Tollen's Test: form silver mirror Benedict's Test: form brick red ppt OTHERS Iodine Test: identify presence of starch. Form blue solution Molisch’s Test: identify presence of carbohydrates

AMINO ACIDS: Enumerate amino acids with Non-Polar Side Chains

GAV LIM PTP * Glycine * Alanine * Valine * Leucine * IsoLeucinE (ILE) * Methionine * (F) Phenylalanine * (W) Tryptophan * Proline

AMINO ACIDS: Enumerate amino acids with Polar Side Chains

STC TAG * Serine * Threonine * Cysteine * tYrosine * asparagiNe * (Q) glutamine

AMINO ACIDS: Enumerate amino acids with Electrically Charged Side Chains

AG HAL Acidic: * (D) Aspartate * (E) Glutamate Basic: * (K) Lysine * (R) aRginine * Histidine

Solution used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars

Fehling solution

Which macromolecule does not dissolve in water?

lipids

What are the monomers of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions EXCEPT: A. membrane structural material. B. enzyme action. C. insulation. D. a rich energy source.

enzyme action

________ are the most abundant lipid present in an organism.

Fats / Triacylglycerols

Fats as compared to oils have _____

less unsaturated glycerides of fatty acid

Fats that have fatty acids with only single covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons are ____

saturated

Differentiate Hydrolysable and Non-Hydrolysable Lipids

Hydrolysable Lipids: CAN be cleaved into smaller units Non-Hydrolysable Lipids: CANNOT be cleaved into smaller units

Describe Waxes

- C16 - C36 - Hydrolysable - Simplest Hydrolysable Lipid - ester - hydrophobic

Describe Triacylglycerol

- Hydrolysable - Most abundant lipid - energy storage - Triesters that produces glycerol and fatty acid

Describe Sphingomyelins

- Hydrolysable - Component of lipid bilayer -Found as insulation in nerve cells (myelin sheathes)

Describe Phosphoacylglycerols

- Hydrolysable - 2nd most abundant lipid -

Fats are esters derived from fatty acids stored via esterification with glycerol. Due to this reaction, fats are also referred to as:

Glycerides

Glycerides is also known as ___

Triacylglycerols Triacylglycerides

Unsaturation of the acid chains of a fat results in a/an ________ in their melting point.

Decrease

Defined by their physical properties, NOT by particular functional groups

Lipids

Where in the body does fatty acid synthesis occur?

Cytoplasm and Endoplasmic reticulum

Where in the body does protein synthesis occur?

Ribosome

Lipids that mainly contain ester units. Can be hydrolyzed

Hydrolysable Lipids

Simplest hydrolysable lipids. Formed from alcohol and fatty acid. Hydrophobic.

Waxes

Differentiate Animal fats and Vegetable oils

Animal fats: composed of saturated fatty acids, thus higher melt pt and solid at room temp. Vegetable oils: composed of unsaturated fatty acids, this lower melt pt. and liquid at room temp.

Hydrolysis of triglyceride to produce glycerol + soap

Saponification

Salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.

Soap

Soaps are _____ produced from the saponification (base hydrolysis) of animal fats (glycerides)

sodium & potassium salts of fatty acid

Common bases for saponification

NaOH or KOH

These are spherical clusters of hundreds of soap molecules:

Micelles

_____ involves the industrial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats (oils) in the presence of nickel catalyst at 175-190 degC and 20-40 psi.

Saturation / Hydrogenation

____ of fat is due to the presence of volatile, bad smelling acids and aldehydes.

Rancidity

Hydrolysis of triglycerides under basic conditions, producing glycerol and soaps

Saponification

Process that turns vegetable oil to margarine

Hardening

Important fats for the body that can be found in eggyolks and soybeans

Lecithin

Lipids important biological regulators that show dramatic physiological effects when administered to living organisms.

Steroids

Enumerate Non-Hydrolysable Lipid

FETS Fat Soluble Vitamins Eicosanoids Terpenes Steroids

An organic compound required by organisms in minute quantities for growth and reproduction because it cannot be synthesized by the organism; it often serve as enzyme cofactors or parts of cofactors.

vitamin

Explain Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Non-Hydrolysable Lipid Vitamins that must be obtained from food, but do not have to be ingested every day. Vitamin A - Retinol Vitamin D - Calciferol Vitamin E - a-Tocopherol Vitamin K - Phylloquinone

Describe Terpenes (Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

Non-Hydrolysable Lipid Lipids found in the essential oils of many plants. Consists of repeating units of isoprene

Describe Eicosanoids (Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

-Non-Hydrolysable Lipid - Biologically active -containing 20+ C's derived from ARACHIDONIC (C20) acid.

Enumerate Saturated Fatty Acids by increasing MW, melting point, boiling point

Laura Makes Pancakes on Saturday Afternoon Lauric C12 < Myristic C14 < Palmitic C16 < Stearic C18 < Arachidic Acid C20

Describe Steroids (Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

- Non-Hydrolysable Lipid - Biologically active - Consists of 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring joined together

Describe Cholesterol (Hydrolysable? Function? Composition?)

- Most abundant and most important steroid - Plasma membrane of animal cells - Starting material for synthesis of other steroids

Sex hormones are derived from ___ Androgens are for ___ Estrogens for ___

Cholesterol Males Females

The main fate of amino acids is the synthesis of ____

Protein

Biomolecule made of long chains of amino acid residues.

Proteins

These biomolecules are polyamides whose monomers from which they are derived are α-amino carboxylic acids known as amino acids.

Proteins

What are described as the "building blocks of Protein"?

Amino Acids

Proteins are ____ made of amino acid _____.

polymers; monomers

Differentiate proteins and peptides

proteins: > 50 amino acids peptides: < 50 amino acids

____ is a disorder which results from the replacement of one glutamic acid side chain in the hemoglobin molecule by a valine unit.

Sickle-cell anemia

PROTEIN: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Protein

Primary: Amino acid sequence Secondary: Alpha helix coil or beta sheet Tertiary: fold of proteins - #d shaped adopted by the entire peptide chain Quaternary: polypeptide chains

The local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone atoms without regard to the conformation of its side chains can be called as ___

Secondary structure

The primary stabilizing force of protein secondary structure is:

Hydrogen bonds

In this type of structure, most of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of another peptide bond four amino acids further down the polypeptide chain:

Alpha-helix

The alpha helix found in myoglobin can best be described as

Secondary structure

The action of disrupting the threedimensional shape of a protein is termed ___

denaturation

Enumerate the Essential Amino Acids

PriVaTe TIM HALL (PVT TIM HALL) Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine (not essential for adults) Leucine Lysine

Found in hair, nails and skin

Keratin

Most abundant protein in invertebrates. Also found in bones teeth and blood vessels

Collagen

Where collagen can be found?

found in bones teeth and blood vessels

Protein responsible for transporting oxygen

Hemoglobin

Protein chains that are easily soluble in water, found in enzymes, spherical conformation

Globular

Protein chains that are found as parallel polypeptide chains in long sheets, water insoluble, tough, stretchy

Fibrous

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a globular protein? * A) Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets * B) Polypeptide chains are folded in a spherical shape. * C) Contains several types of secondary structure * D) Typical for regulatory proteins

Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets

Bonds formed by joining amino groups

Peptide bond

Cell Energy Generation: Enumerate the products of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation (net product)

Cellular Respiration: 36 or 38 ATP Electron Transport Chain: 32-34 ATP per glucose Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 2 pyruvates Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed) Fermentation (net product): 2 ATP per glucose

Cell Energy Generation: Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration: 36 or 38 ATP

Cell Energy Generation: Electron Transport Chain

Electron Transport Chain: 32-34 ATP per glucose

Cell Energy Generation: Glycolysis

Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 2 pyruvates

Cell Energy Generation: Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed)

Cell Energy Generation: Fermentation

Fermentation (net product): 2 ATP per glucose

Summary: Glycolysis (Involved Ratio)

Glucose:Pyruvate:ATP:AcetylCoA = 1 : 2 : 2 : 2

Summary: Energy Yielding Phase

- irreversible phase: phosphoenolpyrovate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase) - produce 4 ATP

The cycle that oxidizes acetyl coenzyme A to CO2 and generates NADH and FADH2 for oxidation in the electron transport chain; the cycle also supplies carbon skeletons for biosynthesis.

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Use of microorganisms to convert monosaccharides to alcohols

Fermentation

Fermentation product of pyruvate in animals

Lactate

Efficiency of cellular respiration

39% (263 kcal/686 kcal)

The nucleic acid that constitutes the genetic material of all cellular organisms.

DNA

What is/are the difference(s) between RNA and DNA?

a) DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil b) RNA is found in the cytoplasm, whereas DNA is found in the cell nucleus

The only base in the following that is not present in DNA is ____ (a) pyridine (b) adenine (c) guanine (d) cytosine

pyridine

Describe Chargaff’s Rule

Dictates # guanine in DNA: A = T, C = G (ATeng CiGa)

DNA: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structure of DNA

Primary: nucleotide sequence Secondary: double helix Tertiary: supercoils

Explain the Central Dogma of Genetics

[DNA] -transcription- [mRNA] -translation- [protein]

Base sugar of RNA

Ribose

The organelle where protein synthesis occurs; the message encoded in mRNA is translated here.

ribosome

Segment of DNA molecule carrying the sequence of bases that directs the synthesis of particular protein or RNA.

genes

yielding two identical DNA molecules to the original one

replication

process of encoding and transferring genetic code from the DNA to mRNA

transcription

The process in which single-stranded RNA with a base sequence complementary to the template strand of DNA or RNA is synthesized.

transcription

process of converting genetic code into protein

translation

Contains the codon

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

Contains the anti-codon

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that directs the incorporation of an amino acid during protein synthesis or signals the start or stop of translation.

codon

assembly of DNA coiled around protein cores called histones

nucleosomes

Positive result in Schiff's test means the presence of ____

Aldehydes

In a Michaelis-Menten enzyme mechanism, what substrate concentrations (relative to Km) are needed for the reaction rate to be 0.5 times Vmax?

1.0 Km

Enzymes related to DNA: Define the functions of the following helicase Topoisomerase DNA polymerase DNA ligase

Helicase: protein that unwinds the double helix DNA Topoisomerase: enzyme that unwinds DNA DNA polymerase: enzyme that replicates DNA to produce a new strand DNA ligase: enzyme that forms the phosphodiester bond between DNA pieces.

A soap molecule has ____ and ___

has a non polar end and a polar end

A polymer composite used as food containers for ovenable dishes

BMC polyester

Polymers which are capable of forming an ordered solution

Lyotropic

Polymers which are capable of forming an ordered melt.

thermotropic

Which of the following is known as Freon

CCl2F2

Which of the following is chloroform?

CHCl3

In chemical usage, plastics ____ when heated and can be ___ under pressure

softens when heated and can be molded under pressure

In chemical reactions involving alkenes, halogen atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. There reactions are called

dehydrogenation

Vodka that is 90 proof contains ____

45% alcohol

Saponification is a reaction in which a triacylglycerol (or triglyceride) reactions with a strong base to form ___ and ___

glycerol and three soap molecules

Nylons are

polyamides

Dacron is a ___ while Nylons are ___

polyester, polyamide

Plastic bags are usually made from ___

Ethylene (C2H4) CH2=CH2

Inventor of PF plastics (bakelite)

Leo Baekland

Oil of wintergreen

methyl salycylate

Dacron is a ___

polyester

Produce of the reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid is known as ___

ester

These compounds are formed by the reaction of acids with alcohol.

Ester

Benzene undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition reactions because its ring structure is __-

very stable

Natural rubber is also known as

polyisoprene

Father of organic chemistry

Friedrich Wohler

When an alcohol is dehydrated is forms

an alkene

Formula of acrylonitrite

C3H3N

The Lucas test is used to determine the types of

alcohol

If an aldehyde is placed in Benedict's solution, it reacts to form

cuprous oxide and an acid

An aldehyde used as preservative and a germicide is

acetaldehyde

What acid is found in an ant bite?

formic acid

A carboxylic acid which contributes to the strong odor of rancid butter and other fats

butyric acid

A number used to predict the geometry of a molecule.

steric number

An energy-yielding process in which an electron donor is oxidized using an inorganic electron acceptor. The acceptor may be either oxygen or another inorganic acceptor.

respiration

The most abundant organic substance found in nature is ____

cellulose

Classification based on Temperature: Enumerate the temperature ranges

Psychrophile: 10 - 15 degC Psychrotroph: 15 - 30 degC Mesophile: 30 - 45 degC Thermophile: 50 - 85 degC

Microorganism that grows well at 0°C with optimum growth temperature of 15°C or lower and a maximum temperature around 20°C.

psychrophiles

Bacteria which can grow at an optimum temperature range of 55⁰ to 85⁰C

thermophiles

Bacteria which grow over the temperature range 7⁰ - 45⁰C

mesophiles

Amount of carboxylic acid groups in a chemical compound

Acidic Number

Measure of degree of unsaturated of fatty acid

Iodine Number

Amount of KOH to saponify 1 gram of fat

Saponification Number

Characteristic fluidity of materials under specific flow conditions

Deborah Number

Enzyme Classifications: Enumerate and Define function

Over The HILL a) Oxidoreductases - redox reactions b) Transferases - functional group transfer c) Hydrolases - hydrolysis (break bonds by adding H20) d) Isomerases - yielding isomers e) Lyases - bond breaking (elimination rxn) other than hydrolysis f) Ligases - bond formation

An enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins to their constituent amino acids

protease

An enzyme in a snake venom is capable of causing the conversion of lecithins to lysolecithins. To which class does the enzyme belong?

hydrolase

If an enzyme is inhibited non-competitively by the product of a reaction sequence in which the enzyme participates, the enzyme is ___-

allosteric

A loosely bound cofactor that often dissociates from the enzyme active site after product has been formed.

coenzyme

An inhibitor which has a chemical structure similar to that of an enzyme's normal substrate is likely to act as a ____

competitive inhibitor

The destruction of an enzyme’s catalytic power by changing its molecular structure is __

denaturation

Denatured alcohol refers to ___

ethyl alcohol that has been treated with something to make it unfit to drink.

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules with the input energy

Anabolism

Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down complex molecules into smaller units. Said units are either oxidized to release energy or are used in other anabolic reactions

Catabolism

Electron Acceptors: Define Aerobes

Can grow in the presence of oxygen

Electron Acceptors: Define Anaerobes

Cannot grow in presence of oxygen. Uses nitrate and sulfides as electron source

Electron Acceptors: Define Facultative Aerobes

Can grow in the presence/ absence of oxygen

Electron Acceptors: Define Microaerophiles

Requires lower levels oxygen

Growth Phases: Define Lag Phase

-Initial phase (inoculation) - New environment and now cell division

Growth Phases: Define Exponential (Log) Phase

-Cells divide via binary fission -Antibiotics/ Disinfectants applied here

Continuous culture apparatus in which medium is fed at the same rate as microorganism-containing medium is removed; the medium contains one essential nutrients in limiting quantities.

chemostat

A glycoprotein produced in response to the introduction of an antigen; it has the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production, also known as immunoglobulin.

antibody

Growth Phases: Define Stationary Phase

-Cell growth reaches a plateau (creation = death)

Growth Phases: Define Death Phase

-Cell death due to low nutrients and high waste products

A structure within or on a cell that performs specific functions and is related to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body.

organelles

Microorganisms which can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen are ____

facultative organisms

Vitamin Deficiency: vitamin B3 vitamin B6

*vitamin B3 pellagra *vitamin B6 inability to digest amino acids

With which vitamin do you associate the disease pellagra?

vitamin B3

Inability to digest amino acids may indicate a deficiency in _____

vitamin B6

A bacterial infection transmitted by contaminated food, water, milk, or shellfish. The causative organism is Salmonella typhi, which is present inhuman feces.

typhoid fever

Allergies, such as hay fever, result from __

an abnormal immunity to a common substance

An infectious agent having a simple acellular organization with a protein coat and a single type of nucleic acid, lacking independent metabolism, and reproducing only within living host cells.

virus

A virus that uses bacteria as its host.

Bacteriophage

A microbial product or its derivative that kills susceptible microorganisms or inhibits their growth.

antibiotic

The process by which all living cells, viable spores, viruses, and viriods are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat.

sterilization

A preparation of either killed microorganisms; living, weakened (attenuated) microorganisms; or inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids). It is administered to include development of the immune response and protect the individual against a pathogen or a toxin.

vaccine

The process of heating milk and other liquids to destroy microorganisms that can cause spoilage or disease.

pasteurization

Which enzyme would you expect to find in greater concentration in the stomach of a baby than in an adult’s stomach?

rennin

A complex sulphated polysaccharide, usually extracted from red algae, that is used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of culture media.

agar

Sugars in which the aldehyde group can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid group are called

reducing sugars

Petroleum Products: (# of C's and Phase) a) Petroleum Gas b) Gasoline c) Kerosene d) Fuel Oil e) Lubricating Oil f) Residue

a) Petroleum Gas: C1 to C4 Gas b) Gasoline (naphtha): C5 to C12 Liquid c) Kerosene: C12 to C16 Liquid d) Fuel Oil: C15 to C18 Liquid e) Lubricating Oil: C15 to C18 Liquid f) Residue (asphalt): > C18 Solid

Explain Octane Rating

iso-Octane * 100 / (iso-Octane + Heptane)

A combination of atoms that confers certain chemical and physical properties on a compound is called a ___

functional group

Functional Group Alcohol

-OH -ol

Functional Group Ether

-OR

Functional Group Aldehyde

-C=OH -al

Functional Group Ketone

-C=OR -one

Functional Group Carboxylic Acid

-C=OH -oic acid

Functional Group Ester

-C=OOR -oate

Functional Group Amide

-C=ONH3 -amide

Functional Group Amine

-NH2 amino-

Functional Group Haloalkane

-X (Cl, Br, I, F) halo-

Isomers with same connectivity

Stereoisomers

Achiral isomers AKA Geometric/ Configurational isomers

Cis–trans isomers

Achiral isomers AKA Asymmetric isomers

Optical isomers

Chiral isomers that are not mirror images.

Diastereomers

Explain Plane of Symmetry

Imaginary plane that bisects a molecule into two halves that are mirror images of each other

The toxicity methyl alcohol results from its oxidation by liver enzymes to ____

formaldehyde

Shark liver oil

squalene

Burning polyacrylonitrile (Orion) generates ___

HCN

_______ is a rather disagreeable-smelling liquid used as a preservative for laboratory specimens.

Methanal

In chemical reactions involving alkenes, halogen atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. These reactions are called ____

dehydrogenation

When methane is heated in the absence of air or O2, it breaks up to give carbon and hydrogen. The process is named as ____

Pyrolysis

Crystalline polymer which is used primarily as a film. It is used in flammability-lowering coatings of airplane interiors and photovoltaic module backsheets.

Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)

The formation of disulfides through oxidation of two thiols is important for?

maintaining the structure of protein

Common Catalysts for Hydrogenation

Platinum, Palladium, Ruthenium, and Nickel

Carbohydrates that are missing a hydroxy group

Deoxy Sugars

Cellular Organelles: Replication of DNA takes place in ___

nucleus

Cellular Organelles: Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials

lysosomes

Cellular Organelles: Package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular compartments

Golgi bodies

Cellular Organelles: Catabolic pathway takes place in ___

mitochondria

Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering Flashcards

(239 cards)