Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

chemistry a level > Organic Chemistry Introduction > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Introduction Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define empirical formula.

A

Define empirical formula.

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define molecular formula.

A

Define molecular formula.

Gives the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define displayed formula

A

Define displayed formula

Shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define structural formula

A

Define structural formula

Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Define skeletal formula
Drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give the prefixes for: Give the prefixes for:

a) CH3 group
b) C2H5 group
c) C3H7 group
d) C4H9 group
e) Cl group
f) Br group
g) I group

A

Give the prefixes for:

a) CH3 group methyl-
b) C2H5 group ethyl-
c) C3H7 group propyl-
d) C4H9 group butyl-
e) Cl group chloro-
f) Br group bromo-
g) I group iodo-
www. pmt.e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

What is functional group isomerism?
Same atoms but a different functional group due to a different arrangement of atoms
www.pmt.educa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

What is chain isomerism?

Hydrocarbon chain organised differently e.g. branched chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define stereoisomerism.

A

Define stereoisomerism.

When molecules have the same structural and molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?

A

What is E-Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided?
E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C double bonds
If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer
If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an alkane?

A

What is an alkane?

A saturated hydrocarbons containing C-H bonds only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are their bonds polar? Why/why not?

A

Are their bonds polar? Why/why not?

Nonpolar- carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intermolecular forces? Why?

A

Intermolecular forces? Why?

Only van der Waals forces of attraction - bonds are non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Solubility in water? why?

A

Solubility in water? why?

Insoluble because hydrogen bonds in water are stronger than alkanes’ van der Waals forces of attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How reactive are alkanes?

A

How reactive are alkanes?

Very unreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which reactions will alkanes undergo?

A

Which reactions will alkanes undergo?

Combustion and reaction with halogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is crude oil? How is it formed? Is it renewable? Why?

A

What is crude oil? How is it formed? Is it renewable? Why?
Mixture of fractions (hydrocarbons with similar boiling points and properties)
Formed at high temperatures and pressures deep below earth’s surface over millions of years → therefore non-renewable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the fractions from high to low boiling point.

A

Name the fractions from low to high boiling point.
Gases - fuel on site Gasoline/petrol/naphtha - cars Kerosene/paraffin - jet fuel, lighting Diesel oil - lorries/taxis
Lubricating oil/waxes - candles, engine oil Fuel oil - ships, power stations Tar/bitumen - roads/roofing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is fractional distillation/how does it work?

A

What is fractional distillation/how does it work?
Crude oil heated until mostly vapourised
Passed into a fractionating tower that is cooler at the top than the bottom Liquid fractions are piped off at the bottom
Vapours rise up the column and - via trays and bubble caps - condense when temperature < their boiling point
Shortest chain hydrocarbons condense at the top as they have the lowest boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is fracking and how is it done?

A

What is fracking and how is it done?
Natural gas held within shale rock
Drill into shale, force pressurised water and sand into rock to fracture it, Collect gas
HCl and methanol added to break up shale and prevent corrosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pros/cons of fracking?

A

Pros/cons of fracking?
Advantages - gas supply for many years, reduces imported gas and electricity
Disadvantages - lots of traffic to local area, concern about amount of water used, chemical additives can pollute water supplies, can cause small earthquakes, combust CH4 → CO2 → global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are alkanes cracked?

A

Why are alkanes cracked?
To turn a long chain alkane, with is not very economically valuable, into a shorter chain alkane (more economically valuable as can be used as a fuel) and an alkene (more reactive, starting point for many products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the conditions for thermal cracking?

A

What are the conditions for thermal cracking?

700-1200 K temperature Up to 7000 kPa pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the intermediate for the reaction?

A

What is the intermediate for the reaction?

Free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What r the main products of thermal cracking
Alkenes
26
What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?
``` What are the conditions for catalytic cracking? Lower temp (720K) Lower pressure (but above atmospheric) Zeolite catalyst (SiO2 and Al2O3) with a honeycomb structure to give a large surface area ```
27
What are the main products of catalytic cracking?
What are the main products of catalytic cracking? | Cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, branched alkanes
28
Write an equation for the combustion of propane
Write an equation for the combustion of propane | C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
29
What is a feul
Sumn which releases heat energy when combusted
30
What are the five main fuels comprising of alkanes?
What are the five main fuels comprising of alkanes? | Methane, butane, propane, petrol (about C8), paraffin (C10 - C18)
31
What is incomplete combustion and what products are formed in the case of alkanes?
What is incomplete combustion and what products are formed in the case of alkanes? Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen CO - carbon monoxide - poisonous C - carbon - particulates - soot - global dimming
32
What is the environmental impact of carbon monoxide? | It is toxic/poisonous
What is the environmental impact of carbon monoxide? | It is toxic/poisonous
33
Which type of hydrocarbons are most likely to undergo incomplete combustion?
Longer chains
34
What is the environmental impact of sulfur impurities/sulfur dioxide
What is the environmental impact of sulfur impurities/ sulfur dioxide? form sulphuric acid → acid rain
35
What is the environmental impact of soot (carbon)?
What is the environmental impact of soot (carbon)? | asthma, cancer, global dimming
36
What is the environmental impact of unburnt hydrocarbons?
What is the environmental impact of unburnt hydrocarbons? | Photochemical smog
37
What is the environmental impact of carbon dioxide?
What is the environmental impact of carbon dioxide? | greenhouse gas → global warming, increases global temperatures, speeds up climate change
38
What is the environmental impact of water vapour?
What is the environmental impact of water vapour? | greenhouse gas → global warming, increases global temperatures, speeds up climate change
39
What r flue gases
Gases given out by power stations
40
Write two equations for two different ways of desulfurising flue gases.
Write two equations for two different ways of desulfurising flue gases. CaO (s) + 2H2O (l) + SO2 (g) + 1⁄2O2 (g) → CaSO4.2H2O (s) Or CaCO3 (s) + SO2 (g) + 1⁄2O2 (g) → CaSO4+ CO2 (g)
41
What are catalytic converters made up of?
What are catalytic converters made up of? | Ceramic honeycomb coated with platinum, palladium and rhodium (Pt, Pd and Rh) metals
42
What do catalytic converters catalyse (equations)?
What do catalytic converters catalyse (equations)? They catalyse these reactions of products from car exhausts: 2CO (g) + 2NO (g) → N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g) Hydrocarbons + NO → N2 + CO2 + H2O
43
What are greenhouse gases
What are greenhouse gases? | Gases which trap infrared radiation, making the earth act like a greenhouse
44
What is the greenhouse effect and how does it contribute to global warming?
What is the greenhouse effect and how does it contribute to global warming? Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere, atmosphere heats up → global warming
45
Define carbon neutral activities
Define carbon neutral activities | Activities that produce no net / overall carbon dioxide emissions
46
How are halogenoalkanes formed from alkanes?
How are halogenoalkanes formed from alkanes? | Free radical substitution reaction
47
What are the three stages of free radical substitution?
What are the three stages of free radical substitution? Initiation - breaking halogen bond to form free radicals Propagation - chain part of the reaction where products are formed but free radical remains Termination - free radicals removed, stable products formed
48
What are the conditions needed for the formation of a free radical chlorine atom?
What are the conditions needed for the formation of a free radical chlorine atom? Presence of UV light
49
Write equations for the reaction of CH4 with Cl2 to form CH3Cl
Initiation: Cl2 → 2Cl• (in presence of UV light) Propagation: Cl• + CH4 → HCl + •CH3 •CH3 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl• Termination: •CH3 + Cl• → CH3Cl 2Cl• → Cl2 •CH3+ •CH3→ CH3CH3
50
What is the ozone layer’s function?
What is the ozone layer’s function? | protects the earth from harmful exposure to too many UV rays
51
How do CFCs break the ozone layer down?
How do CFCs break the ozone layer down? | Free radical substitution
52
Write an equation for the overall decomposition of ozone into oxygen (O2)
Write an equation for the overall decomposition of ozone into oxygen (O2) 2O3→ 3O2
53
Write free radical substitution equations to show how Cl free radicals catalyse the decomposition of o3
Write free radical substitution equations to show how Cl free radicals catalyse the decomposition of O3 Cl2 → 2Cl• (in presence of UV light) Cl• + O3→ ClO• + O2 ClO• + O3 → 2O2 + Cl• Overall: 2O3→ 3O2
54
Are halogenoalkanes soluble in water?
Are halogenoalkanes soluble in water? | Insoluble as C-H bonds are non-polar, not compensated for enough by C-X bond polarity
55
Do halogenoalkanes have a polar bond? why?
Do halogenoalkanes have a polar bond? why? | Yes polar, as halogen has a higher electronegativity than C ( halogen is δ-, carbon is δ+)
56
Which intermolecular forces do they have? Why?
Which intermolecular forces do they have? why? Permanent dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces of attraction C-X bond polarity creates permanent dipoles
57
When would Halogenoalkanes have higher boiling points
When would they have higher boiling points? | Increase Carbon chain length Halogen further down group 7
58
How would the mass of a haloalkane compare with the mass of an alkane of the same chain length?
Greater as mass of halogen > mass of H
59
What is the most important factor in determining their their reactivity
Carbon halogen bond enthalpy
60
What would bond polarity suggest the order of reactivity would be?
What would bond polarity suggest the order of reactivity would be? C-F would be most reactive as most polar bond
61
What would bond enthalpies suggest the order of reactivity would be?
What would bond enthalpies suggest the order of reactivity would be? C-I would be most reactive as lowest bond enthalpy
62
What is a nucleophile?
What is a nucleophile? | A negatively charged ion/δ− atom with a lone pair of electrons which can be donated to an electron deficient atom
63
Give 3 examples of nucleophiles
Give 3 examples of nucleophiles | :OH- :CN- :NH3
64
What is nucleophilic substitution?
What is nucleophilic substitution? A reaction where a nucleophile donates a lone pair of electrons to δ+ C atom, δ− atom leaves molecule (replaced by nucleophiles)
65
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NaOH (aq).
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NaOH (aq).
66
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with KCN
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with KCN
67
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NH3
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NH3
68
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NaOH in ethanol
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with NaOH in ethanol
69
What are CFCs?
What are CFCs? | Chlorine-fluoro-carbons - haloalkanes containing C, F and Cl only (no H)
70
What is the problem with CFCs?
What is the problem with CFCs? Although unreactive under normal conditions, they catalyse the breakdown of ozone in the atmosphere via free radical substitution
71
What are CFCs being replaced with?
What are CFCs being replaced with? | HCFCs (hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, carbon) HFCs (hydrogen, fluorine, carbon)
72
What are the conditions/reactants needed for the elimination reaction of haloalkanes?
What are the conditions/reactants needed for the elimination reaction of haloalkanes? NaOH or KOH dissolved in ethanol (no water present) Heated
73
What is formed in the elimination reaction of haloalkanes?
What is formed in the elimination reaction of haloalkanes? | An alkene, water and halogen ion
74
What is an alkene
What is an alkene? | Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond
75
What is the general formula of an alkene and alkane
CnH2n CnH2n+2
76
Why is there no rotation about the C=C double bond?
Why is there no rotation about the C=C double bond? | Due to the π (pi) orbital - electron density above and below the single bond, which holds the carbon atoms in place
77
Are they more or less reactive than alkanes? Why?
Are they more or less reactive than alkanes? Why? | More reactive, due to high electron density of double bond and the fact the pi-bond is slightly easier to break
78
What intermolecular forces of attraction do they have?
What intermolecular forces of attraction do they have? | Only van der Waals due to non-polar bonds
79
Are they soluble in water? Why?
Are they soluble in water? Why? | No, non-polar bonds (van der Waals’ < hydrogen bonding)
80
Name and describe the three kinds of isomers alkenes can have
``` Name and describe the three kinds of isomers alkenes can have Chain isomers (branched chains) Position isomers (C=C on different carbon atom) Geometric E-Z isomers (Z is when 2 highest atomic number chains are on the same side of the double bond; E is when they're on opposite sides) ```
81
Write an equation for the complete combustion of pent-2-ene
Write an equation for the complete combustion of pent-2-ene. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + 71⁄2O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O
82
What is an elecrophile
What is an electrophile? | Electron deficient atoms/ions which accept a pair of electrons (here, from the C=C double bond)
83
What is the most stable kind of carbocation intermediate? Why?
What is the most stable kind of carbocation intermediate? Why? Alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect, so the most stable carbonation is the one bonded to the most other carbon atoms i.e. A tertiary carbocation
84
Major products will be formed from which kinds of carbocations?
Major products will be formed from which kinds of carbocations? Tertiary (or the most stable avaliable)
85
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of H2O to an alkene?
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of H2O to an alkene? Acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid
86
What are the product(s) of the reaction?
An alcohol
87
Draw a mechanism for the addition of water to ethene
Draw a mechanism for the addition of water to ethene
88
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene?
Room temperature
89
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of HBr and ethene.
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of HBr and ethene.
90
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of a halogen molecule to an alkene?
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of a halogen molecule to an alkene? Room temperature and organic solvent
91
How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as if it is an electrophile?
How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as if it is an electrophile? C=C double bond with a high electron density induces a temporary dipole in the halogen molecule → δ+ atom attracted to double bond
92
Draw a mechanism for the reaction between bromine and ethene
Draw a mechanism for the reaction between bromine and ethene
93
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of sulfuric acid with ethene.
Draw a mechanism for the reaction of sulfuric acid with ethene.
94
How would you turn the product into an alcohol and how does show that sulfuric acid catalyses the addition of water to an alkene?
How would you turn the product into an alcohol and how does show that sulfuric acid catalyses the addition of water to an alkene? Add water H2SO4 reforms, showing it catalyses the hydration of alkenes
95
What is an addition polymer?
What is an addition polymer? | many monomers bonded together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule
96
What are monomers? What form do they usually take?
What are monomers? What form do they usually take? | Molecules which combine to form a polymer Usually have a C=C bond which breaks to leave a repeating pattern
97
Draw how you would represent the polymerisation of | ethene.
Draw how you would represent the polymerisation of | ethene.
98
Give 3 uses of poly(chloroethene) / PVC
Give 3 uses of poly(chloroethene) / PVC Drainpipes Vinyl Aprons www.pmt.education

chemistry a level (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions