Organic Chemsitry Flashcards
(45 cards)
What functional group do alcohols contain?
Alcohols contain the functional group –OH.
What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?
The first four members are methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol.
What are alkanes?
Alkanes are the most common hydrocarbon found in crude oil.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.
What are alkenes?
Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two carbon atoms, making them unsaturated.
What is the general formula for alkenes?
The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n.
What are the first four members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?
The first four members are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid.
What is catalytic cracking?
Catalytic cracking involves heating long-chain hydrocarbons to turn them into gas, which is then passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst.
What happens during combustion of hydrocarbon fuels?
Combustion releases energy as the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.
What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?
The products are water and carbon dioxide.
Clean blue flame and lots of energy
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons from ancient biomass.
Mixture of very large compounds
Most of these compounds are hydrocarbons
What is cracking?
Cracking is the process of breaking down larger hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules.
What is DNA?
DNA encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.
What is the structure of most DNA molecules?
Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains made from four different nucleotides in the form of a double helix.
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is a chemical process that breaks down molecules like glucose anaerobically, producing ethanol.
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a method of separating a mixture according to different boiling points.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
What are polyesters?
Polyesters are polymers that contain the ester functional group in their main chain.
What are polymers?
Polymers are large long-chain molecules made up of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds.
What is a polypeptide?
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids.
What is steam cracking?
Steam cracking involves heating long-chain hydrocarbons and mixing them with steam at high temperatures to split them into smaller molecules.
How does simple distillation work
- The solution is heated.
- The component with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.
- The vapour rises and leaves the solution.
- The vapour enters a condenser, which is kept cool by water.
- The vapour condenses back into a liquid.
- The pure liquid is collected; the solute is left behind in the flask.
How does fractional distillation work
- The mixture is heated until it starts to boil.
- The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.
- Vapour enters the fractionating column, which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
- Liquids with higher boiling points condense lower down and return to the flask.
- The vapour of the lowest boiling point reaches the top, then condenses in the condenser.
- The pure liquid is collected in a separate container as a fraction.
