Organic Compounds

Question 1

organic chemistry

Answer 1

study of compounds of carbon

Question 2

carbon

Answer 2

versatile atom, 4 valence electrons, bonds covalently

Question 3

carbon backbones

Answer 3

long chains, branched molecules and rings of carbon

Question 4

functional groups

Answer 4

small clusters of atoms that determine properties of an organic molecules

Question 5

Hydroxyl

Answer 5

-OH, in sugars and alcohols

Question 6

methyl

Answer 6

-CH3, in fats, oils, steroids, and amino acids

Question 7

carboxyl

Answer 7

-COOH, in amino acids, sugars and proteins

Question 8

amino

Answer 8

-NH2, in amino acids and proteins

Question 9

phosphate

Answer 9

-H2PO4, in nucleic acids and ATP

Question 10

polymers

Answer 10

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical similar subunits called monomers

Question 11

polymerization

Answer 11

joining of monomers to polymer, achieved by dehydration synthesis

Question 12

hydrolysis

Answer 12

opposite of dehydration

Question 13

carbohydrate

Answer 13

hydrophilic organic molecule with general formula of (CH2O)n, n=number of carbon atoms
2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen

Question 14

monosaccharides

Answer 14

simplest carbohydrates: glucose, galactose, fructose
-ribose, deoxyribose

Question 15

disaccharides

Answer 15

made of 2 monosaccharides
- sucrose: glucose and fructose
- lactose: glucose and galactose
- maltose: glucose and glucose

Question 16

oligosaccharides (polysaccharides)

Answer 16

short changes of three or more monosaccharides

Question 17

proteoglycans

Answer 17

macromolecules where carbohydrate is dominant and a peptide/protein form a smaller component

Question 18

moiety

Answer 18

components of proteoglycans

Question 19

lipids

Answer 19

hydrophobic organic molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen, high ration of hydrogen
- mainly energy storage but also thermal insulation and cushion

Question 20

5 types of lipids

Answer 20

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

Question 21

fatty acid

Answer 21

chain of 4-24 carbon with carboxyl and methyl group

Question 22

triglyceride (neutral fats)

Answer 22

glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids, bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 23

phospholipids

Answer 23

like neutral fats but with a phosphate group that replaces a fatty acid, are amphipathic, serve as a structural foundation of cell membranes

Question 24

eicosanoids

Answer 24

20-carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid

Question 25

steroid

Answer 25

lipid with 17 carbons arranged in 4 rings - cholesterol is the mother steroid that makes up the others

Question 26

protein

Answer 26

polymer of amino acids, a central carbon with an amino and carboxyl group bonded to it

Question 27

peptide

Answer 27

any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 28

primary structure

Answer 28

sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, encoded in genes

Question 29

secondary structure

Answer 29

alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

Question 30

tertiary structure

Answer 30

single polypeptide chain folded and coiled by interactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water

Question 31

quaternary structure

Answer 31

association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other

Question 32

protein functions

Answer 32

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection movement, cell adhesion

Question 33

enzyme

Answer 33

macromolecule functions as biological catalyst, mostly proteins

Question 34

ribozymes

Answer 34

RNA molecules

Question 35

substrate

Answer 35

substance an enzyme acts on

Question 36

cofactor

Answer 36

nonprotein partner for an enzyme

Question 37

coenzymes

Answer 37

organic cofactors derived from niacin, riboflavin and other water soluble vitamins - accept electrons from an enzyme in one metabolic pathway and transfer them to another enzyme in another

Question 38

metabolic pathway

Answer 38

chain of reactions with each step usually catalyzed by a different enzyme

Question 39

nucleotides

Answer 39

organic compounds with 3 components 1. single or double carbon - nitrogen ring 2. monosaccharide 3. 1 or more phosphate group

Question 40

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 40

boys more important energy transfer molecule

Question 41

adenosine triphosphatases

Answer 41

enzymes specialized to hydrolyze the third phosphate bond to produce ADP

Question 42

glycolysis

Answer 42

first stage in glucose oxidation

Question 43

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Answer 43

nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP

Question 44

nucleic acids

Answer 44

polymers of nucleotides