Organic Conversions

Question 1

Alkane -> haloalkane

Answer 1

Cl2 / Br2
With UV light and/or heat

Question 2

Hydrogenation (addition of H2) of alkene

Answer 2

H2 + Pt catalyst

Question 3

Hydration of alkene to alcohol

Answer 3

Dilute H2SO4

Question 4

Halogenation of alkene

Answer 4

Halogens (Cl2 or Br2)

Question 5

Hydrohalogenation of alkenes

Answer 5

Hydrogen halides (HBr or HCl)

Question 6

Addition polymerisation needs:

Answer 6

Heat, pressure and catalyst.
Must be C=C bond.

Question 7

Condensation polymerisation made from:

Answer 7

Two different double-ended molecules (eg. a COOH at both ends of the molecule)

Question 8

Polyamides hydrolysed using:

Answer 8

Acid conditions (H+/H2O) and heat

Question 9

Proteins/Peptides hydrolysed using:

Answer 9

Acid conditions (H+/H2O)

Question 10

Nucleophile:

Answer 10

A species attracted to a positive charge.

Question 11

Haloalkanes -> Alkenes + HX

Answer 11

OH- (alc) (eg. KOH or NaOH)

Question 12

Water soluble alcohols

Answer 12

C 1-3

Question 13

Which has higher m.pt and b.pt - alcohols or corresponding alkanes?

Answer 13

Alcohols due to hydrogen bonding

Question 14

Oxidation of primary alcohols:

Answer 14

H+/Cr2O7 2- Orange to green (Cr 3+)

H+/MnO4- Purple to colourless (Mn2+)

Question 15

Primary alcohols oxidised to:

Answer 15

Aldehydes then carboxylic acids. Distil throughout to keep the aldehyde

Question 16

Secondary alcohol -> ketone

Answer 16

Oxidation.

With H+/Cr2O7 2- and heat

Question 17

Dehydration of alcohols:

Answer 17

Conc. H2SO4 and heat

Question 18

Alcohol -> chloroalkane

Answer 18

PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2

Question 19

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

Needs:

Answer 19

Conc. Sulfuric acid + heat

Question 20

Tertiary alcohols are oxidised into:

Answer 20

Cannot be oxidised

Question 21

Which alcohol is easiest to dehydrate?

Answer 21

Third degree

Question 22

Reducing agent

Answer 22

NaBH4

Question 23

Lucas reagent is:

Answer 23

ZnCl2/HCl

Question 24

Lucas reagent tests for:

Answer 24

Alcohols.

Turns into acid chlorides.

Fast for tertiary, slow for secondary, almost doesn’t work for primary.

Question 25

Which has C=C bonds, oils or fats?

Answer 25

Oils. This means they have weaker intermolecular forces.

Question 26

Hydrolysis of polyesters needs:

Answer 26

Dilute acid or dilute base. Requires heat under reflux.

Question 27

Esters + Water -> (In acid conditions and under reflux)

Answer 27

Carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 28

Lucas reagent can:

Answer 28

Distinguish between alcohols but turning them to acid chlorides. Tertiary are fastest, then secondary, and primary don’t work.

Question 29

Ester + water -> (Under basic conditions and reflux)

Answer 29

Sodium/potassium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

Question 30

Enantiomers are described as being:

Answer 30

Non-superimposable

Question 31

Benedicts solution conditions and colour change:

Answer 31

Solution must be heated. Goes from blue to red (copper 1 oxide)

Question 32

Alkene + non-acidic permanganate ->

Answer 32

Diol + brown precipitate