Organic I Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are nucleophiles?
Electron pair donors. They’re negatively charged ions that contain a lone pair of electrons.
What are electrophiles?
Electron pair acceptors. They’re positively charged ions that are electron poor.
What are radicals?
they have an unpaired electron and are very reactive.
How is a σ bond formed? (sigma)
2 orbitals overlap in a straight line between 2 atoms
How is a pi bond formed?
2 lobes of 2 orbitals overlap sideways. Forms above and below the molecular axis
Alkene + Halogens =
dihalogenoalkanes. electrophilic addition
test for alkenes?
Br water decolorises from brown to colourless
alkene + steam & H3PO4 catalyst =
= alcohol
Alkene + acidified KMnO4 =
diol. Oxidation. purple is decolorised
Alkene + Halogen Halide =
halogenoalkanes
Markownikoff’s Rule
Hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached.
Halogenoalkane + KOH (aq) =
reflex. alcohols. nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkanes + H2O =
Alcohol + halide ion + H+
How to compare reactivity of halogenoalkanes using experiments
- mix halogenoalkane with water to form alcohol and halide ion
- add AgNO3 to react with the halide forming a ppt
- time how long the precipitate takes to form
Trend in reactivity of the halogenoalkanes
tertiary>secondary>primary
C-I > C-Br > C-Cl > C-F
Halogenoalkanes + Cyanide ions (in ethanol) =
Nitriles + halide ions
Halogenoalkane + NH3 (in ethanol) =
amine. nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkane + KOH (in ethanol) =
Alkene + H2O + potassium halide
Alcohol + PCl5/HCl =
chloroalkane. substitution reaction
Alcohol + PI3 (reflux) =
iodoalkane
Alcohol + H3PO4 catalyst =
alkene + H2O
Primary alcohol oxidises to
distill for aldehyde, then reflux for carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol oxidises to
reflux to ketones
Functional group isomer of alcohols?
Ethers
