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Chemistry yr 12 > Organic molecule reactions > Flashcards

Organic molecule reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.

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2
Q

True or False: Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

A

True

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3
Q

What type of reaction do alkenes typically undergo?

A

Addition reactions

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Carboxylic acids contain a _____ group.

A

carboxyl (-COOH)

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5
Q

What is the product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

An ester

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6
Q

Which functional group is characterized by a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH)?

A

A carboxylic acid

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7
Q

What is the typical reaction of alkynes?

A

Addition reactions

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8
Q

True or False: Amines are derived from ammonia (NH3).

A

True

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9
Q

What is the general formula for aldehydes?

A

RCHO

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10
Q

What type of reaction do amines typically undergo?

A

Substitution reactions

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The functional group -NH2 is known as a _____ group.

A

amino

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12
Q

What is the product of the oxidation of a primary alcohol?

A

An aldehyde

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13
Q

Which reaction involves the addition of hydrogen to an alkene?

A

Hydrogenation

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14
Q

What is the functional group of ketones?

A

Carbonyl (C=O) group between two carbon atoms

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15
Q

True or False: Esters are formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the main characteristic of phenols?

A

They contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly attached to a benzene ring.

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17
Q

What type of reaction do nitriles undergo?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting an alkene into an alcohol is called _____ reaction.

A

Hydration

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19
Q

What is the name of the reaction where an amine reacts with a carbonyl compound to form an imine?

A

Condensation reaction

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20
Q

What functional group is present in both aldehydes and ketones?

A

Carbonyl group (C=O)

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21
Q

True or False: A tertiary alcohol can be oxidized to a ketone.

A

False

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22
Q

What is the main product of the hydrolysis of esters?

A

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid

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23
Q

Which functional group can be reduced to form an alcohol?

A

Carbonyl group (C=O)

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The reaction of a halogen with an alkene to form a haloalkane is called a _____ reaction.

A

Halogenation

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25
What is the product when a primary alcohol is oxidized twice?
A carboxylic acid
26
What is the main characteristic of a thiol?
It contains a sulfhydryl (-SH) group.
27
True or False: Aromatic compounds contain at least one benzene ring.
True
28
What type of reaction do alcohols undergo when they react with acids?
Esterification
29
Fill in the blank: The -C≡C- functional group represents a _____ bond.
triple
30
What is a common reaction of carboxylic acids?
Neutralization with bases to form salts.
31
How is an alkene converted to an alkane?
Hydrogenation with H₂ and a metal catalyst (e.g., Ni) ## Footnote Hydrogenation is a common reaction in organic chemistry used to saturate alkenes.
32
How is an alkene converted to a dibromoalkane?
Electrophilic addition of Br₂ ## Footnote This reaction involves the addition of bromine across the double bond of the alkene.
33
How is an alkene converted to a haloalkane?
Electrophilic addition with HX (e.g., HCl) ## Footnote HX represents hydrogen halides, which react with alkenes to form haloalkanes.
34
How is an alkene converted to an alcohol?
Hydration with steam and an acid catalyst (H₃PO₄) ## Footnote This process is known as acid-catalyzed hydration.
35
How is an alkane converted to a haloalkane?
Free radical substitution with X₂ and UV light ## Footnote This method involves the substitution of hydrogen atoms in alkanes with halogen atoms.
36
How is a haloalkane converted to an alcohol?
Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous NaOH or KOH ## Footnote This reaction replaces the halogen with a hydroxyl group.
37
How is an alcohol converted to a haloalkane?
Substitution with HX or PX₃/PCl₅ ## Footnote The reaction introduces a halogen atom into the alcohol.
38
How is an alcohol converted to an alkene?
Elimination (dehydration) using concentrated H₂SO₄ and heat ## Footnote This reaction involves the removal of water to form a double bond.
39
How is a primary alcohol converted into an aldehyde?
Controlled oxidation using PCC or acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ with distillation ## Footnote This method selectively oxidizes the primary alcohol to an aldehyde.
40
How is a primary alcohol converted into a carboxylic acid?
Full oxidation with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄ under reflux ## Footnote This reaction requires prolonged heating to achieve full oxidation.
41
How is a secondary alcohol converted to a ketone?
Oxidation with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄ ## Footnote Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones without further oxidation.
42
How is an aldehyde oxidized to a carboxylic acid?
Oxidation using acidified KMnO₄ or K₂Cr₂O₇ ## Footnote This reaction fully oxidizes the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid.
43
How is a ketone or aldehyde reduced to an alcohol?
Reduction using NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄ ## Footnote This process involves the addition of hydrogen to the carbonyl group.
44
How is a carboxylic acid converted to an ester?
Esterification with an alcohol and concentrated H₂SO₄ ## Footnote This reaction produces an ester and water.
45
How is an ester converted to a carboxylic acid?
Hydrolysis (acid or base, under reflux) ## Footnote Hydrolysis breaks the ester bond, yielding an acid and an alcohol.
46
How is an ester converted to an alcohol?
Hydrolysis (acid or base), forming an alcohol and acid (or salt) ## Footnote This reaction is similar to the hydrolysis of esters.
47
How is a carboxylic acid converted to an acid chloride?
React with SOCl₂ (thionyl chloride) or PCl₅ ## Footnote This reaction introduces a chlorine atom, transforming the acid into an acid chloride.
48
How is an acid chloride converted to a carboxylic acid?
Hydrolysis with water ## Footnote This reaction reverts the acid chloride back to a carboxylic acid.
49
How is an acid chloride converted to an ester?
Reaction with an alcohol ## Footnote This method forms an ester directly from an acid chloride.
50
How is an acid chloride converted to an amide?
Reaction with ammonia or an amine ## Footnote This reaction introduces the amine functional group to form an amide.
51
How is a carboxylic acid converted to an amide?
Via acid chloride intermediate or by using a coupling reagent ## Footnote This method relies on the formation of an acid chloride to facilitate amide bond formation.
52
How is an amide converted back to a carboxylic acid?
Acid or base hydrolysis with heat ## Footnote This reaction breaks the amide bond, regenerating the carboxylic acid.
53
How is a haloalkane converted to a primary amine?
Nucleophilic substitution with excess NH₃ in ethanol ## Footnote This reaction replaces the halogen with an amine group.
54
What is an addition reaction in organic chemistry?
A reaction where two atoms or groups are added across a double or triple bond ## Footnote This type of reaction converts unsaturated compounds into saturated ones.
55
What is a substitution reaction?
A reaction where one atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group ## Footnote Common in haloalkanes and alcohols.
56
What is an elimination reaction?
A reaction in which a small molecule (like water or HX) is removed, forming a double bond ## Footnote Often converts alcohols to alkenes.
57
What is an oxidation reaction in organic chemistry?
A reaction that increases the number of bonds to oxygen or decreases hydrogens ## Footnote Examples include converting alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids.
58
What is a reduction reaction in organic chemistry?
A reaction that adds hydrogen or removes oxygen ## Footnote Commonly used to convert aldehydes/ketones to alcohols.
59
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction where a molecule reacts with water, breaking bonds ## Footnote Often used to split esters or amides into acids and alcohols/amines.
60
What is an esterification reaction?
A condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water ## Footnote Usually occurs in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄.
61
What is nucleophilic substitution?
A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in a haloalkane ## Footnote Involves electron-rich species like OH⁻, NH₃, or CN⁻.
62
What is a free radical substitution reaction?
A reaction involving radicals, often initiated by UV light ## Footnote Involves substitution of hydrogen by a halogen in an alkane.
63
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule by-product ## Footnote Examples include ester or amide formation.
64
What is a reflux reaction setup, and when is it used?
A setup where the reaction mixture is heated with condensation, allowing volatile components to return to the flask ## Footnote Used in oxidation or hydrolysis requiring sustained heating.

Chemistry yr 12 (8 decks)

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