Organic Molecules Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is histology?
The study of microscopic structures of tissues
What is Cytology?
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
What are the four large organic molecules that make up macromolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
What is monomer?
A molecule of any class of compound that can be bonded to form a polymer.
What is a polymer?
Materials made of long, repeating chains of molecule. Made up of many monomers joined together.
What is a protein’s monomer, polymer, and function?
M - Animo acid
P- Polypeptides and peptides
F- Forms the structure of cells
What is a nucleic acid’s monomer, polymer, and function?
M- nucleotides
P- nucleic acid
F- carry genetic information
What is a nucleotide’s structure, bases, and chains?
S- Made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide chains- nucleotides join together by a bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another with the bases hanging off the side. A water molecule is released in the process.
B-
Adenine (A) (Purine)
Guanine (G) (Purine)
Thymine (T) (Pyrimidine)
Cytosine (C) (Pyrimidine)
Uracil (U) (Pyrimidine)
C-
DNA
RNA
ATP
What is DNA structure and function?
S-
anti -parallel Two nucleotide chains coiled together to form a double helix (similar to a ladder)
The phosphate group is the 5’ end and the OH group is the three prime end
The sugar and phosphate groups form the sides of the ladder and the bases meet together in the middle to form the steps
Made up of only A,C,T,G nucleotides
A-T form Base pairs (double bond)
C-G form Base pairs (triple bond)
F- Carry genetic information
What are RNA’s structure, types, and function?
S-
Single Stranded
Include A, G, C, and U bases
Double back on itself to create a hairpin shape to form pairs (A-U pair G-C pair)
T&F-
Messenger RNA- information carrier in the manufacturing of proteins
Transfer RNA- Assist in the manufacture of proteins
Ribosomal RNA- form ribosomes, large enzymes that act as a catalyst for protein synthesis
What is ATP structure and Function?
S-
Composed of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
F-
Energy source used in many chemical processes
What is the property of water?
compounds dissolve in water well due to their ability to bind to either the negative or positive charged components of water
What are carbohydrates’ monomers, polymers, branches, and functions?
M- Monosaccharide
P- disaccharide and Polysaccharide
B-
Monosaccharides- simple sugar molecule that cannot be broken down
Disaccharides- two sugar molecules that can be broken down to a simple sugar
Polysaccharides- more than two sugar molecules that can be broken down
F- Serve as a source of short term l energy or fuel which is then quickly used to make ATP
What are lipids monomers, properties, types, and functions?
M- Glycerol and Fatty acid
P- Do not dissolve well in water or blood
Not as large as proteins or carbohydrates
T-
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
F- Provide insulation
long term energy
What is the type of fatty acids and their function?
T-
Saturated- single bond and are solid at room temperature
Unsaturated- double bond which puts a “kink” in the molecule and are liquid at room temperature
F-
Influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals
What are Glycerides branches and functions?
B-
Monoglyceride- contains one glycerol and one fatty acid
Diglyceride- Contain one glycerol and two fatty acids
Triglyceride- contain one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
F- Stores energy
What are the structure, properties, and function of phospholipids?
S-
phosphate- bearing head- which is hydrophilic (water-loving) which means it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
Fatty acid tail- are hydrophobic (water-fearing) which means they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
P- In a watery environment they form bilayers, liposomes, or micelles with the heads facing the water and the tails adjacent to one another
F- A barrier to protect the cell
What is the steroid’s structure and function?
S- a four ringed backbone but differ in the attached side group
F- Reduce inflammation
