Organic (ms adams)

Question 1

types of sp hybridisation

Answer 1

“along the axis” = end on
“perpendicular to the axis” = side on

Question 2

formation of molecular orbitals

Answer 2

• number of atomic orbitals put in = number of molecular orbitals produced
• bonding molecular orbital is formed, a lower energy than the atomic orbitals that is more stable.

Question 3

formation of molecular orbitals

Answer 3

the number of atomic orbitals put in = the number of molecular orbitals

bonding orbital (sigma symbol) is lower energy than the atomic orbitals, so more stable and a desirable position for electrons. electrons are shared

the anti bonding orbital (sigma star symbol) forms, a higher energy orbital. there is no attraction between the nuclei, electrons are not shared between the nuclei

electrons occupy in order of increasing energy and with parallel spins

Question 4

molecular orbitals for noble gases

Answer 4

when filling molecular orbitals for the noble gases, both the bonding and anti bonding orbital are filled. this results in the bond being cancelled out and thus noble gases do not form bonds

Question 5

molecular orbitals in bonding continuum

Answer 5

ionic bonding has complete transfer of electrons to the negative ion, bonding electron on negative ion

polar covalent bond has more electrons closer to the more electronegative atom, molecular orbitals is more at the electronegative atom

pure covalent bond has the molecular orbital so spread evenly across the two nuclei

Question 6

alkanes hybridisation

Answer 6

• one s orbital + three p orbitals = 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals. results in tetrahedral arrangement
• the sp3 orbitals can do end on overlap with each other and H atoms to form four sigma bonds

Question 7

• one s orbital + three p orbitals = 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals. results in tetrahedral arrangement
• the sp3 orbitals can do end on overlap with each other and H atoms to form four sigma bonds

Answer 7

alkane hybridisation

Question 8

draw skeletal formula for octan-3-ol

Answer 8

Question 9

draw the skeletal formula for 2-methylpentane

Answer 9

Question 10

draw the skeletal formula for ethyl ethanoate

Answer 10

Question 11

write the molecular formula:

Answer 11

C9H8O4

Question 12

write the molecular formula:

Answer 12

C6H10O4N

Question 13

all functional groups

Answer 13

Question 15

sigma symbol

Answer 15

Question 17

what are sigma and pi bonds

Answer 17

different types of atomic orbital overlapping that leads to different types of covalent bonds

Question 20

what electrons are involved in overlapping of atomic orbitals

Answer 20

outer shell of electrons

Question 22

pi bonds v sigma bonds in different bonds

Answer 22

sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

Question 23

count the amount of sigma and pi bonds

Answer 23

23 sigma, 4 pi bonds

Question 24

count the amount of pi and sigma bonds

Answer 24

18 sigma, 5 pi

Question 25

how does colour occur in organic molecules

Answer 25

light energy is absorbed by the molecule and electrons are promoted from the homo to the lumo specific wavelengths of light are absorbed and all other wavelengths are transmitted. all transmitted wavelengths combine to give the complimentary colour that is observed if the lumo-homo gap is larger, a smaller wavelength of light will be absorbed. and vice versa. high energy=low wavelength longer length of conjugated system: smaller homo-lumo gap chromophore: part of a molecule that absorbs visible wavelengths of light what ever is absorbed, the molecule will appear as the complimentary colour

Question 26

homo

Answer 26

highest occupied molecular orbital

Question 27

highest occupied molecular orbital

Answer 27

homo

Question 28

lumo

Answer 28

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital overlapping

Question 29

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

Answer 29

lumo

Question 30

conjugated system

Answer 30

carbon chain with alternating C=C bonds

Question 31

structural isomer

Answer 31

same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

Question 32

same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms

Answer 32

structural isomer

Question 33

stereoisomer

Answer 33

same arrangement of bonded atoms, different spacial arrangement incls. geometric isomers and stereoisomers/enauntimers geometric isomers are only possible in molecules with: restricted rotation around aa carbon to carbon bond, eg a double bond or cyclic ring. the restricted carbon-carbon bond must also have two different substituents attached to each of the carbons in the restricted bond. cis v trans. cis=same side, trans=opposite sides stereoisomers: non superimposible mirror images optical isomers: possible in molecules with a chiral carbon centre - 4 different groups attached to a carbon. racemic mixture: contains equal proportions of both enantiomers, so optically inactive

Question 34

same arrangement of bonded atoms, different spacial arrangement

Answer 34

stereoisomer

Question 36

electrophiles

Answer 36

positively charged ions or electron deficient molecules. central atom bonded to very electronegative atoms H+, NO2+, +CH3, SO3, H30+

Question 37

nucleophiles

Answer 37

negatively charged ions or molecules with lone pairs of electrons Br-, OH-, H20, NH3, C2H4, CH3O-,-CN, CH3NH2

Question 39

reduction synthesis

Answer 39

Question 40

oxidation synthesis

Answer 40

Question 41

nucleophilic substitution, haloalkane -> alcohol

Answer 41

Question 42

nucleophilic substitution haloalkane -> nitrate

Answer 42

Question 43

nucleophilic substitution, haloalkane -> ether

Answer 43

Question 44

making alkoxide synthesis

Answer 44

Question 45

elimination synthesis, haloalkane -> alkene

Answer 45

Question 46

dehydration synthesis, alcohol -> alkene

Answer 46

Question 47

electrophilic addition, alkene -> haloalkane synthesis

Answer 47

Question 48

acid catalysed hydration, alkene -> alcohol

Answer 48

Question 49

condensation to make esters or peptides synthesis

Answer 49

Question 50

hydrolysis to break down esters and peptides synthesis

Answer 50

Question 51

electrophilic substitution, adding electrophiles to a benzene ring synthesis

Answer 51

Question 52

markovinkov rule

Answer 52

hydrogen atom will add to the carbon that has more hydrogens attached, resulting in the major product

Question 53

hybridisation in alkenes

Answer 53

3 sp2 orbitals and one p2 orbital

Question 54

hybridisation in alkynes

Answer 54

2 sp hybrids and 2 unhybridised p orbitals

Question 55

isomer map

Answer 55

Question 56

geometric isomers

Answer 56

Question 57

optical isomers

Answer 57

Question 58

when does electrophilic substitution happen

Answer 58

when there is a benzene ring