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Georges chem > ORGANIC PATHWAYS > Flashcards

ORGANIC PATHWAYS Flashcards

1
Q

How can you get a haloalkane

ALL conditions

A
  • from alkane using halogen and UV light
  • from alkene using hydrogen halide or halogen molecule
  • from alcohol using sodium halide
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2
Q

How can you get an alkane

A
  • from alkene using H2 and Ni catalyst
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3
Q

How can you get alkene

A
  • from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and high heat
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4
Q

How can you get nitriles

A
  • from refluxing haloalkane with NaCN + ethanol
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5
Q

How can you get amines

A
  • from haloalkane using excess ethanolic ammonia and heat
  • from nitrile using H2 and Ni catalyst
  • from hydroxynitrile using LiAlH4 and dilute acid
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6
Q

How can you get alcohols

primary, secondary and tertiary

A
  • from alkene using H2O(g), H3PO4 and high pressure
  • from haloalkane, refluxing using dilute NaOH
  • 2nd from ketone using aq NaBH4
  • 1st from Aldehyde/carboxylic acid using aq NaBH4
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7
Q

how can you get ketones

A
  • reflux using acidified K2Cr2O7 from 2nd alcohol
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8
Q

How can you get hydroxynitrile

A
  • from ketone, using HCN
  • from aldehyde, using HCN
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9
Q

How can you get aldehyde

A
  • from primary alcohol, distilation using acidified K2Cr2O7
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10
Q

How can you get carboxylic acid

A
  • refluxing aldehyde/primary alcohol using acidifed K2Cr2O7
  • acid hydrolysing ester using dilute acid and heat
  • hydrolysing nitrile/hydroxynitrile using reflux with dilute HCl
  • from acyl chloride using cold water
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11
Q

How can you get sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

Name type of reaction

A
  • from ester via alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH
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12
Q

How can you get ester

A
  • from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and carboxylic acid
  • from carboxylic acid using alcohol and conc H2SO4
  • from acyl chloride using alcohol
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13
Q

How can you get acyl chloride

A
  • from carboxylic acid using SOCl2
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14
Q

How can you get primary and secondary amide

A
  • get primary from acyl chloride using ammonia
  • secondary from acyl chloride using primary amine
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15
Q

How can you get alkyl benzenes

what is reaction called

A
  • from benzene using alkyl halide and halogen carrier

alkylation

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16
Q

how to get nitrobenzene

what is reaction called

A
  • from benzene using nitric acid and sulfuric acid

nitration

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17
Q

How to get phenylamine

what is reaction called

A
  • from nitrobenzene, using Sn and HCl

reducation

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18
Q

How to get halide benzene

A
  • from benzene using halogen and halogen carrier
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19
Q

How to get phenyl ester

A
  • from benzene using halide ester and halogen carrier
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20
Q

How to get phenyl alcohol

A
  • from phenyl ester using NaBH4
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21
Q

what can be seen when Mg2+ reacts with little dilute NaOH

Draw the ionic equation

A

slight white precipitate
Mg2+ + 2OH- > Mg(OH)2

22
Q

what can be seen when Mg2+ reacts with excess dilute NaOH

A

white precipitate
Mg2+ + 2OH- > Mg(OH)2

23
Q

Observations when Mg2+ reacts with little dilute sulfuric acid

A

slight white precipitate
Mg + 2H+ > Mg2+ + H2

24
Q

Observations when Mg2+ reacts with excess dilute sulfuric acid

A

colourless solution
Mg2+ + H2SO4 > MgSO4 + H2

25
Q

Observations when Ca2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH

A

slight white precipitate

26
Q

observations seen when Ca2+ reacts with little/excess dilute sulfuric acid

A

slight white precipitate
Ca2+ + SO4^2- > CaSO4

27
Q

observations when Sr2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH

A

slight white precipitate

28
Q

observations when Sr2+ reacts with little/excess dilute sulfuric acid

A

white precipitate

29
Q

observations when Ba2+ reacts with little/excess dilute sulfuric acid

A

white precipitate
Ba2+ + SO4^2- > BaSO4

30
Q

observations when Cu2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH or little dilute ammonia

A

pale blue precipitate
[Cu(H2O)^2+ + 2OH- > [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O

31
Q

observations when Cu2+ reacts with excess dilute ammonia

A

deep blue solution
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2] + 2OH- + 2H2O

32
Q

observation of Cu2+ in solution

A

pale blue
[Cu(H2O)6]2+

33
Q

observations of Fe2+ in solution

A

light green
[Fe(H2O)6]2+

34
Q

observations of Cu2+ in carbonate solution

A

blue precipitate

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > CuCO3 + 6H2O

35
Q

observations of Fe2+ in litte/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia or sodium carbonate solution

A

green precipitate

  • [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- > [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
  • [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > FeCO3 + 6H2O
36
Q

obersavtions of Fe3+ in solution

A

pale yellow
[Fe(H2O)6]2+

37
Q

observations of Fe3+ in little/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia

A

brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- > [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

38
Q

observations of Fe3+ in sodium carbonate solution

A

brown precipitate & bubbles of gas evolved
2[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO 2- > 2[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

39
Q

observation of Mn2+ in solution

A

pale pink

40
Q

Observations of Mn2+ in little/excess dilute NaOH and little/excess dilute ammonia

A

light brown precipitate
Mn2+ + 2OH- > Mn(OH)2

41
Q

observations of Cr3+ in solution

A

green
[Cr(H2O)6]3+

42
Q

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute NaOH

A

grey-green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

43
Q

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute NaOH

A

dark green solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3OH- = [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H2O

44
Q

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute amonia

A

grey green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

45
Q

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute amonia

A

purple violet solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 6NH3 = [Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 3H2O + 3OH-

46
Q

observations of Cr3+ in sodium carbonate solution

A

grey-green precipitate with gas bubbles evolved
2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO3 2- = 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

47
Q

How can you get nitro-phenol

what compounds of nitro phenol are produced

A

react phenol with HNO3
4 nitro-phenol
2 nitro-phenol

nitration

48
Q

How can you get bromo-phenol

what specific compound is produced

A

react phenol with Br2
bromination

2,4,6 bromo-phenol

49
Q

How to get sodium phenoxide

A

react phenol with NaOH
neutralisation reaction

50
Q

Name the 2,4 directing groups

A

NH2 (primary amine)
NHR (secondary amine)
OH (phenol)
OR
R (alkyl group)
benzene ring
halogens

51
Q

what are the 3 directing groups

A

RCOR (ketone)
COOR (ester)
SO3H
CHO (aldehydes)
COOH (carboxylic acid)
CN (cyanide)
NO2 (nitrate)
NR3+

Georges chem (29 decks)

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