Organic Pathways

Question 1

State the reagents and conditions for converting alcohols to esters

Answer 1

Carboxylic acid
Conc. H2SO4

Heat reflux

Question 2

State the reagents and conditions for converting esters to alcohols, what reaction is this?

Answer 2

Water, dilute H2SO4

Heat reflux

Hydrolysis

Question 3

State the reagents and conditions for converting carboxylic acids to esters

Answer 3

Alcohol, conc. H2so4

Heat reflux

Question 4

State the reagents and conditions for converting esters to alcohols, what type of reaction is this?

Answer 4

Water
Dilute h2so4

Heat reflux

Hydrolysis

Question 5

State the reagents and conditions for converting alcohols to aldehydes, what type of reaction is this?

Answer 5

Acidified potassium dichromage

Intermediate distillation

Oxidation

Question 6

State the reagents and conditions for converting secondary alcohols to ketones, what reaction is this?

Answer 6

Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat reflux

Oxidation

Question 7

State the reagents and conditions for converting alcohols to COOH? What type of reaction is this?

Answer 7

Acidified potassium dichromate

Heat reflux

Oxidation

Question 8

State the reagents and conditions for converting ketones/ aldehydes to hydroxynitriles. What reaction is this?

Answer 8

KCN and dilute HCl

Dilute acid

Nucleophilic addition

Question 9

State the reagents and conditions for converting ketones/ aldehydes to alcohols. What reaction is this?

Answer 9

NaBH4

Aqueous

Nucleophilic addition

Question 10

State the reagents and conditions for converting alcohols to alkenes, what reaction is this?

Answer 10

Conc. H2so4

Heat

Elimination

Question 11

State the reagents and conditions for converting alkenes to alcohols, what reaction is this?

Answer 11

Steam

Phosphoroc acid, high temp and pressure

Hydration

Question 12

State the reagents for converting alkenes to halogenoalkanes, what reaction is this?

Answer 12

H-X (hydrogen halide)

Electrophilic addition

Question 13

State the reagents and conditions for converting halogenoalkanes to alkenes? What reaction is this?

Answer 13

NaOH

Ethanolic acid
Heat
Aqueous

Elimination

Question 14

State the reagents for converting acyl chlorides/ acid anhydrides to esters. What reaction is this?

Answer 14

Alcohols

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 15

State the reagents for converting acyl chlorides/ acid anhydrides to COOH. What reaction is this?

Answer 15

Water

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 16

State the reagents for converting acyl chlorides/ acid anhydrides to primary amides. What reaction is this?

Answer 16

Amides

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 17

State the reagents and conditions for converting alkanes to halogenoalkanes, what mechanism is this?

Answer 17

Halogens

UV light

Free radical substitution

Question 18

State the reagents and conditions for converting alkanes to halogenoalkanes, what mechanism is this?

Answer 18

Halogens

UV light

Free radical substitution

Question 19

State the reagents and conditions for converting halogenoalkaes to a nitrile, what mechanism is this?

Answer 19

KCN aq

Ethanolic, heat

Nucleophilic substitution

Question 20

State the reagents and conditions for converting halogenoalkanes to primary amines, what mechanism is this?

Answer 20

EXCESS ammonia

Heat, aqueous, ethanol

Nucleophilic substitution

Question 21

What are the reagents and conditions for converting a nitrile to amine, and what reaction is this?

Answer 21

H2

Nickel catalyst, high temps and high pressure

Reduction

Question 22

What are the reagents and conditions for converting primary amines to secondary amines? What type of reaction is this?

Answer 22

Nucleophilic substitution

R-X and excess primary amine
Heat

Question 23

What are the reagents and conditons for converting sedomdary amines to tertiary amines? What mechanism is this?

Answer 23

Nucleophilic substitution

R-X, excess secondary amine
Heat

Question 24

What are the reagents for converting primary amines to sedondary amides? What mechanism is this?

Answer 24

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Reagents- Acyl chloride

Question 25

What are the reagents and conditions for converting benzene to nitobenzen? What mechanisms is this?

Answer 25

Conc. HNO3 and conc. H2SO4 Reflux 50* Electrophilic substitution

Question 26

What are the reagents and conditions for converting benzene to a phenylketone? What mechanism is this?

Answer 26

Acyl chloride, with anhydrous AlCl3 Electrophilic sub

Question 27

What are the reagents and conditions for converting nitrobenzene to a phenylamine? What reaction is this?

Answer 27

Tin and conc. Hcl Heat reflux Reduction

Question 28

What are the reagents for converting a phenylamine to a N-phenylethanamide? What mechanism is this?

Answer 28

Acyl chloride Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 29

What are the regents and conditions for converting halogenoalkanes to alcohols? What mechanisms is this?

Answer 29

NaOH aqueous Heat Nucl sub

Question 30

What is organic synthesis?

Answer 30

Using reaction mechanisms to create a target molecule form a starting molecule

Question 31

In organic synthesis, why do you try and keep the number of steps as low as possible?

Answer 31

To improve the percentage yield of the final product