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3/4 Chemistry. > Organic Pathways and Organic analysis > Flashcards

Organic Pathways and Organic analysis Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

Alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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4
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon with at least one carbon carbon (double or triple) bond

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5
Q

Haloalkane functional group

A

C-X

(where X is Br,I,Cl,F)

Fluro, Bromo, Iodo, chloro

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6
Q

Amine functional group

A

H-NH2 (single bonds)
-amine

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7
Q

Amide functional group

A

C=ONH2
-amide

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8
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

OH
-ol

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9
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

C=O (on a terminal carbon)

FOR SEMI STRUCTURAL SHOW THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP AS CHO RATHER THAN COH

-anal

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10
Q

Ketone functional group

A

C=O (on a carbon within the carbon chain)

-one

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11
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

C=OOH

-oic acid

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12
Q

Ester functional group

A

C=OO

yl (alcohol stem) oate (carboxylic acid stem)-carbon with double bond to oxygen

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13
Q

Functional group priority

A

carboxylic acid
ester
amide
aldehyde
ketone
alcohol
amine
alkene
alkyne
alkane

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14
Q

prefix for carboxylic acid

A

carboxy-

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15
Q

prefix for aldehyde

A

formyl-

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16
Q

prefix for ketone

A

oxo-

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17
Q

prefix for alcohol

A

hydroxy-

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18
Q

prefix for amine

A

amino-

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19
Q

Alkane + X (Cl2,Br2,F2,I2) –>

A

Alkane + X –> Haloalkane + H-X (Br,Cl,I,F)
reagents: UV light

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20
Q

Haloalkane –> Alcohol

A

Haloalkane + NaOH/KOH –> Alcohol + NaX/KX

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21
Q

Haloalkane –> Amine

A

Haloalkane –> amine + H-X

reagents: (NH3 and ethanol solution)

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22
Q

Primary alcohol oxidation –>

A

Partial oxidation –> aldehyde
Complete oxidation –> carboxylic acid

reagents: MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O72-/H+

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23
Q

Secondary alcohol oxidation –>

Study These Flashcards
A

Secondary alcohol –> Ketone

reagents: Cr2O72-/H+ or MnO4-/H+

24
Q

Esters are produced by — reactions

Study These Flashcards
A

esterification / condensation reaction

25
--> ester
carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ester + WATER reagents: conc. H2SO4
26
What undergoes addition reactions
alkenes
27
what undergoes substitution reactions
alkanes
28
Hydrolysis of ester-->
ester + H2O --> alcohol + carboxylic acid reagent: H+
29
Hydrogenation of alkenes -->
alkene + H2 --> alkane reagents: Ni catalyst and 150 degrees
30
Hydrohalogenation of alkenes -->
alkene + H-X (Br,I,F,Cl) --> Haloalkane reagents : SLC or room temp
31
Halogenation of alkenes -->
alkene + X-X (Br2,I2,Cl2,F2) --> di-haloalkane
32
Alkene --> alcohol (hydration of alkenes)
alkene + H2O --> alcohol reagents: phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 degrees
33
types of isomers
**structural isomers**: chain, positional and functional **stereoisomers**:cis and trans isomers(geometric), enantiomers(optical isomers)
34
structural isomers
same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders
35
stereoisomers
isomers with the same order of atoms but have different spatial orientations
36
geometric isomers
cis and trans isomers which are formed due to the inability for double bonds to rotate
37
enantiomers(optical isomers)
pairs of chiral compounds that are mirror images of each other but are non-superimposable on each other
38
achiral
compounds that can be superimposed onto their mirror image
39
chiral
compounds that cannot be superimposed onto their mirror image
40
chiral centre
atom with 4 different groups bonded onto it
41
superimposable
the ability for a molecule to be placed over its mirror image
42
four stages of mass spec
ionised accelerated deflected and finally detected
43
NMR
radio waves nuclear spin states- makes the nucleus spin states flip in an applied magnetic field
44
infrared
Infrared waves Vibrations of bonds in molecules- makes the bonds bend and stretch( absorption of IR radiation)
45
IR info vs Mass spec
IR=covalent bonds and hence which functional groups are present Mass spec= distinguish b/w isomers + Mr of parent molecule
46
chromotography
analytical technique used to determine the identity of components in a mixture as well as their concentration and seperate them
47
more strongly adsorbed to stationary in column=?
take longer to elute from the column
48
factors influencing rt
identity of stationary and mobile phase length of column temp of column mobile phase flow rate surface area of stat phase
49
standard solution
a solution with an accurately known concentration
50
unreliable on calibration if?
extrapolation( hence dilute by a factor of ___)
51
primary standard
-be readily obtainable in a pure form -known chem formula -easy to store without deteriorating or reacting with the atmosphere -have a high molar mass to minimise effect of errors on weighing -inexpensive (Na2CO3= lose water to atmosphere NaOH=absorb water + react with CO2 in the air)
52
what burette and pipette rinsed by
the final rinse should be with the acid or base to be transfered by them
53
volumetric flask and conical flask rinsed by
only rinse with deionised water
54
bases
weak=NH3 strong= ____OH
55
acids
COOH=weak acid HCL + phosphoric= strong acid
56
making a standard solution
weigh a known mass of a primary standard and place in volumetric 250ml flask add some deionised water and mix the primary standard substance until it is dissolved fill the volumetric flask to the top (250ml flask)

3/4 Chemistry. (11 decks)

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