Type: Combustion Reactants: O2 Conditions: None Notes: Can be complete or incomplete

Type: Free Radical Addition Reactants: H2 Conditions: Ni catalyst, 150°C Notes: Also known as hydrogenation

Type: Oxidation Reactants: Acidified potassium manganate (VII) (KMnO4) Conditions: Acidified Notes: Colour change from purple to colourless (Manganate ions are reduced)

Type: Combustion Reactants: O2 Conditions: None Notes: The alcohol is oxidised

Type: Reduction Reactants: LiAlH4 Conditions: Dry ether Notes: Add acid after reaction

Organic Reactions Flashcards by Rory Moir

Alkane to CO₂

Type: Combustion
Reactants: O₂
Conditions: None
Notes: Can be complete or incomplete

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Alkane to Halogenoalkane

Type: Free Radical Substitution
Reactants: X₂ (Halogen)
Conditions: UV Light
Notes: Done in three steps (Initiation, Propagation, Termination)

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Alkene to Alkane

Type: Free Radical Addition
Reactants: H₂
Conditions: Ni catalyst, 150°C
Notes: Also known as hydrogenation

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Alkene to Mono-Halogenoalkane

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: HX (Hydrogen halide)
Conditions: None
Notes: Major and Minor products can form

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Alkene to Mono-Alcohol

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: Steam
Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. H₃PO₄, 300-600°C, 5,000-10,000 kPa

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Alkene to Diol

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified potassium manganate (VII) (KMnO₄)
Conditions: Acidified
Notes: Colour change from purple to colourless (Manganate ions are reduced)

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Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: X₂ (Halogen)
Conditions: None
Notes: Alkenes decolourise bromine water as bromine in water is brown, but dibromoalkanes are colourless

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Halogenoalkane to Alcohol (2 ways)

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: Water or NaOH(aq)
Conditions: None or warmed
Notes: With water, it is hydrolysis. The reaction with water is slower

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Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: KCN
Conditions: Ethanol and water mixture and reflux
Notes: Extends the carbon chain by one

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Halogenoalkane to 1° Amine

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: Ammonia (NH₃)
Conditions: Heated, ethanolic, excess ammonia and in a sealed tube
Notes: The excess ammonia reduces multiple substitutions

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Halogenoalkane to Alkene

Type: Elimination
Reactants: NaOH
Conditions: Ethanolic and reflux
Notes: Major and Minor products can form

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Alcohol to Chloroalkane (2 ways)

Reactants: Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl₅ or HCl
Conditions: Anhydrous or none
Notes: This is faster for tertiary alcohols

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Alcohol to Bromoalkane

Reactants: KBr and 50% H₂SO₄
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: This is faster for tertiary alcohols

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Alcohol to Iodoalkane

Reactants: Damp Red Phosphorus and Iodine
Conditions: Warmed
Notes: Actual reactant is PI₃ which is formed in situ

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Alcohol to Alkene

Type: Elimination (Dehydration)
Reactants: None
Conditions: Conc. acid catalyst e.g. H₃PO₄, 180°C

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Alcohol to CO₂

Type: Combustion
Reactants: O₂
Conditions: None
Notes: The alcohol is oxidised

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Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ OR acidified KMnO₄
Conditions: Distil off the aldehyde as soon as it is formed
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ OR acidified KMnO₄
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ OR acidified KMnO₄
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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Carbonyl to Alcohol

Type: Reduction
Reactants: LiAlH₄
Conditions: Dry ether
Notes: Add acid after reaction

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Carbonyl to Hydroxynitrile

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Type: Nucleophilic Addition
Reactants: HCN
Conditions: KCN (HCN is only a weak acid)
Notes: Forms optical isomers unless methanal

Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

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Type: Hydrolysis
Reactants: Dilute HCl
Conditions: Reflux, distil off the carboxylic acid

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

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Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ OR acidified KMnO₄
Conditions: Reflux

Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol

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Type: Reduction
Reactants: LiAlH₄
Conditions: Dry ether
Notes: Add acid after reaction. Goes straight to an alcohol, not an aldehyde

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

Type: Esterification (Condensation) Reactants: An alcohol Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. conc. H₂SO₄ Notes: Reaction is reversible so distil off product just below 80°C and then react with sodium carbonate to remove any carboxylic acid

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

Type: Acid Hydrolysis Reactants: None Conditions: Dilute acid and reflux Notes: An alcohol is also produced. This is a reversible reaction as it is the opposite of esterification

Ester to Carboxylate Ion

Type: Alkali Hydrolysis Reactants: Dilute alkali e.g. NaOH Conditions: Reflux Notes: An alcohol is also produced. This reaction goes to completion

Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride

Reactants: PCl₅ Conditions: Anhydrous Notes: Steamy fumes given off (corrosive HCl)

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactants: Water Conditions: None

Acyl Chloride to Ester

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactants: Alcohol Conditions: Anhydrous

Acyl Chloride to Amide

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactants: conc. NH₃ Conditions: Anhydrous

Acyl Chloride to N-Substituted Amide

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactants: Amine Conditions: Anhydrous

Benzene to CO₂

Type: Combustion Reactants: O₂ Conditions: None Notes: Gives off a very smoky flame as there is not enough oxygen in air

Arene to Halogenoarene

Type: Electrophilic Substitution Reactants: Halogen Conditions: Catalyst e.g. AlCl₃ or FeBr₃

Adding an Alkyl Group to Benzene

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation) Reactants: Halogenoalkane Conditions: Anhydrous and catalyst (AlCl₃, FeBr₃)

Arene to Phenylketone

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Acylation) Reactants: Acyl Chloride Conditions: Dry ether and catalyst (AlCl₃, FeBr₃)

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

Type: Electrophilic Substitution Reactants: Conc. HNO₂ Conditions: Conc. H₂SO₄ Notes: For only one reaction, keep the reaction below 55°C

Nitrile to Amine (2 ways)

Type: Reduction Reactants: LiAlH₄ OR H₂ Conditions: Dry ether, then add acid OR Ni catalyst and 150°C

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

Type: Reduction Reactants: Conc. HCl Conditions: A tin catalyst and reflux

Halogenoalkane to Grignard Reagent

Reactants: Mg Conditions: Dry ether and reflux Notes: Carried in in situ for the reaction of the grignard reagent

Grignard Reagent to Carboxylic Acid

Reactants: CO₂ Conditions: Dry ether

Grignard Reagent to Alcohol

Reactants: Carbonyl Conditions: Dry ether

Grignard Reagent to Alkane

Reactants: Water Conditions: None

Alcohol to Ester

Type: Esterification (Condensation) Reactants: A carboxylic acid Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. conc. H₂SO₄ Notes: Reaction is reversible so distil off product just below 80°C and then react with sodium carbonate to remove any carboxylic acid

Carbonyl to 3° Alcohol

No reaction

Methyl Ketone to Pale Yellow Precipitate (CH₃I)

Reactant: Iodine Conditions: Warm gently, alkaline conditions

Carbonyl to Orange Precipitate

Reactant: 2,4-DNPH Conditions: None Notes: Melting point of the precipitate can determine the carbonyl

Carboxylic Acid to Carboxylate Salt

Reactant: An alkali Conditions: Reflux

Acyl Chloride to Phenyl Ketone

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Acylation) Reactants: Benzene Conditions: Dry ether and AlCl₃ catalyst

N-Substituted Amide to Carboxylic Acids and Amines

Type: Hydrolysis Reactants: None Conditions: Acidic or alkaline conditions

Organic Reactions Flashcards

(50 cards)