Organic Reactions

Question 1

What is the structure of an ester

Answer 1

RCOOR’

Question 2

What is the structure of amide?

Answer 2

RCONH2

Question 3

What products come from acid chloride + OHCH2CH2CH3?

Answer 3

Ester and HCl -> CH3=OOCH2CH2CH3 + HCl (H comes from OH)

Question 4

What is substitution?

Answer 4

Swapping one thing for another. 2 things in, 2 things out. E.g acid chloride + OH -> ester + HCl

Question 5

What is addition?

Answer 5

Adding 2 things to make one, occurs within double and triple bond

Question 6

What is elimination?

Answer 6

One thing and ending up with 2. Opposite of addition

Question 7

Which functional groups can elimination occur?

Answer 7

Alcohols and haloalkanes get turned into Allene’s and alkynes

Question 8

What’s the products of alcohol going through elimination?

Answer 8

Alkene and water

Question 9

What happens in oxidation?

Answer 9

More bonds to O less to H

Question 10

What happens in reduction?

Answer 10

Less bonds to O more to H

Question 11

What is a proton acceptor?

Answer 11

Amine, N, basic functional group

Question 12

What can donate a proton to water?

Answer 12

Carboxylic acid to form carboxylate ion

Question 13

What’s the process called that turns alkene/alkyne to alkane?

Answer 13

Hydrogenation, reduction reaction, adding to the double bond, 2 new single bonds. Adding to triple bond, forming a double bond

Question 14

What’s the process called that turns alkanes to Alkenes/alkynes?

Answer 14

Dehydrogenation, removal of H2. It’s elimination and needs high temperature

Question 15

What are common addition reagents?

Answer 15

Hydrohalogenation HCl (HBr, HI), Hydration H2O/H+ (H2SO4), Halogenation Br2 (Cl2 etc), Hydrogenation H2/Pt(Ni,Pd)

Question 16

What is Markovnikovs rule?

Answer 16

For unsymmetrical alkenes, H goes to the carbon with the most hydrogens

Question 17

What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

Answer 17

CH2OH, CHOH, COH

Question 18

What do we use to substitute alcohols?

Answer 18

Substituting by halogens using SOCl2 (SOBr2) or PCl3 (PBr3) -HCl (HBr) is used for tertiary, OH replaced by halogen.

Question 19

What happens during elimination in alcohol?

Answer 19

Taking out OH and H from adjacent carbon. We use concentrated H2SO4 (conc. H2SO4) or H3PO4

Question 20

What happens in oxidation of alcohols?

Answer 20

Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or more bonds to O. Oxidants used are H2CrO4 (Cr2O7-2/H+), CrO3/H+ reagent with Cr its oxidation, primary and secondary.

Question 21

Oxidation pathway of primary alcohols?

Answer 21

OH-> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acid

Question 22

Oxidation pathway of secondary alcohol?

Answer 22

OH-> Ketone -> no further reaction

Question 23

In elimination reactions of alcohol what happens?

Answer 23

The hydrogen will come off the carbon with the least hydrogens in cases of unsymmetrical

Question 24

What is the classifications of amines?

Answer 24

Primary NH2, Secondary NH, Tertiary N

Question 25

What does NH2 + HCl gives us what?

Answer 25

NH3+ + Cl-

Question 26

What do we use in substitution reactions of haloalkanes?

Answer 26

Bases (OH-), Alcohols (OH) or amines NH2

Question 27

What happens during elimination oh haloalkanes?

Answer 27

Produces alkene using reagents like a strong base such as CH3ONa or KOH in ethanol KOH(alc)

Question 28

elimination and substitution reactions compete with each other, what happens when we dissolve our solvent in ethanol?

Answer 28

Elimination is likely to occur

Question 29

What happens in reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes?

Answer 29

Gaining hydrogen, losing bonds to oxygen. Reduced to alcohols

Question 30

What are the common reducing agents of a carbonyl groups?

Answer 30

LiAlH4 which is strong or NaBH4 - milder

Question 31

What are the oxidising agents of oxidation of aldehydes to Carboxylic acids?

Answer 31

Tollens and Benedicts. Tollens = solution of silver ions, Benedict’s is solution of Cu2+. They do not oxidise other functional groups. Another is H2CrO4

Question 32

What happens when ketone is reduced?

Answer 32

Reduces back to secondary alcohol

Question 33

What happens in substitution reactions of Carboxylic acid?

Answer 33

Breaking the bond between carbon and OH group and replacing the OH

Question 34

When happens when a Carboxylic acid + OH react with H2SO4 conditions?

Answer 34

Substitution reaction, ester is formed and H2O

Question 35

What happens when a Carboxylic acid and NH2 react with heated conditions?

Answer 35

Amide + H2O

Question 36

What happens when Carboxylic acid reacts in SOCl2 conditions?

Answer 36

Acid chloride

Question 38

What are the endings for acid halide, ester, amide and acid anhydride?

Answer 38

Oyl halide, oate, amide, oic anhydride

Question 39

What does LiAlH4 and NaBH4 reduce?

Answer 39

LiAlH4 reduces all derivatives, NaBH4 reduces acid chlorides

Question 40

Acid Halide is substituted by an OH, what does it form?

Answer 40

An ester with HCl (HBr etc)

Question 41

Acid halide substituted by an amine makes what?

Answer 41

amide

Question 42

Acid halide substituted by water makes what?

Answer 42

Carboxylic acid

Question 43

Ester and an amine produces what?

Answer 43

Amide and OH

Question 44

Acid halides react with water easily, what is the substitution called?

Answer 44

Hydrolysis

Question 45

What happens when esters react under acidic conditions?

Answer 45

H2O and H2SO4 break the bond between C-O this makes Carboxylic acid and alcohol (base) equilibrium

Question 46

What happens when esters react under basic conditions?

Answer 46

H2O and (MOH) base. Forms carboxylate ion, salt. Saponification

Question 47

What happens when amide reacts with H2O and conc HCl?

Answer 47

Carboxylic acid