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Organic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

-CN to -COOH reagents and conditions? 😇

A

Dilute H2So4

Heat under reflux

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2
Q

What is the powerful reducing agent that can reduce aldehydes…AND carboxylic acids??

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether

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3
Q

What is the weak reducing agent that can only reduce carbonyl compounds? (Ketones, aldehydes)

A

NaBH4 in ethanol/methanol

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4
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A
  1. Sn, conc Hcl, heat.

2. NaOH (aq)

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5
Q

-CN to -NH2?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether

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6
Q

React alkene with dilute alkaline NaOH(aq), KMnO4 (aq) heat under reflux what do you get?

A

Diol

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7
Q

React alkene with H2So4 (aq) KMnO4 (aq) what do you get?

A

Terminal alkene - co2, h2o
Alkene with one alkyl group - aldehyde, further oxidation gives you carboxylic acid
Two alkyl groups - ketone

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8
Q

Nitration of benzene ring reagents and conditions GO

A

Conc HNo3
Conc H2SO4
Heat at 55 degrees

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9
Q

Halogenation of benzene ring reagents and conditions GO

A

X2

Fe / FeX3 or anhydrous AlX3

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10
Q

Alkene to alcohol r&c

A

H2O, H3PO4, 65 atm, 300 degrees

Lab method: add conc H2SO4 and heat with water

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11
Q

Phenol has -OH group which strongly activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution. It is 2,4-directing because saturated.

R&c for bromination of phenol vs benzene ring?

A

Phenol
Poly substituted: Br2 aqueous, room temp (non polar br2 in aqueous solvent, he fucking hates it and runs off to phenol, therefore poly sub)

Mono substituted: Br2 in CCl4

Benzene Ring:
X2, Fe / FeX3 or anhydrous AlX3

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12
Q

What are 2,4-directing groups? Saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated!!

Can be ring deactivating - halogens

Or ring activating :-) such as saturated alkyl groups.

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13
Q

What are the 3-directing groups?

A

Unsaturated (triple, double bonds) -» ring deactivating, electron withdrawing.

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14
Q

Alkene to alkane? 😀

A

H2 (g)
Ni catalyst
200 degrees

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15
Q

Phenol has -OH group which strongly activates the ring towards electrophilic substitution. It is 2,4-directing

R&c for nitration of phenol vs benzene ring?

A

Phenol:

Poly sub: Conc HNO3, room temperature

Mono sub: Dilute HNO3, room temperature

Benzene:

Conc HNO3 conc H2SO4 heat at 55 degrees

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16
Q

Why do we want to have CN?

A
  • step up reaction +1 C
  • change to amine
  • change to carboxylic acid
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17
Q

Alkyl halide to amine not through CN, how?

A

Excess NH3
Ethanolic medium
Heat in sealed tube

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18
Q

Alkyl halide react with CN, r&c?

A

Ethanolic KCN

HEAT UNDER REFLUX

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19
Q

Carbonyl compound react with CN, R&C?

Study These Flashcards
A

HCN
SMALL amount of NaOH(aq) or NaCN(aq), as catalyst

NO FUCKING HEAT

20
Q

Alcohol to acyl chloride?

Study These Flashcards
A

PCl3 / PCl5 / SOCl2
Room temp
Nucleo sub

21
Q

Alkene to alkyl halide?

Study These Flashcards
A

HX (g) room temp

X2 (g/l) or x2 dissolved in CCl4 room temp

22
Q

Alcohol to alkyl halide?

Study These Flashcards
A

HX (g) heat
PX3
PCl5 room temp
SOCl2 room temp

23
Q

Condensation to form esters

r&;c of alcohol + carboxylic acid?

Study These Flashcards
A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid

Few drops of conc H2SO4 heat under reflux

24
Q

Condensation to form esters

r&c of alcohol + acyl chloride?

25
Condensation to form esters r&c of PHENOL + carboxylic acid?
NaOH (aq)
26
Condensation Amide from acyl chlorides HOW?
Acyl chloride + substituent amine u want :-) hcl comes out
27
Hydrolysis of esters to alcohol and carboxylic acid Needs??
h2o Hcl (aq) or h2so4 (aq) Heat under reflux Reversible rxn unlike alkaline hydrolysis: NaOH (aq) hear under reflux which is irreversible
28
Alkyl halide to alcohol?
NaOH (aq) heat under reflux not ethanolic!!! Or will become alkene!!
29
Can aryl ketones be oxidised? Reagents conditions? To what?
Yes. H2SO4, KMnO4 (aq) heat under reflux Gives you aryl carboxylic acids.
30
Nitration of alkyl benzene?
Conc HNO3 Conc H2SO4 Heat at 30 degrees NOT 55
31
Effect of amine on phenylamine?
Electron donating Ring activating Milder conditions Poly substitution
32
Acidic hydrolysis of amides gives ______? Reagents and conditions?
carboxylic acids + ammonium ION!!! H2O, Hcl (aq) or H2SO4 (aq) heat under reflux
33
Alkaline hydrolysis of amides gives ______? Reagents and conditions?
Carboxylate salt and ammoNIA NaOH (aq) heat under reflux
34
If NH2 is in presence of dilute H2SO4 heat under reflux??
It accepts a proton, it is a base. NH3+
35
Oxidise primary alcohol to aldehyde reagents and conditions?
H2so4 K2Cr2O7 (aq) Heat with immediate distil Mild oxidation
36
Oxidise primary alcohol to carboxylic acid reagents and conditions?
H2SO4 KMnO4 (aq) or K2Cr2O7 Heat under reflux Vigorous oxidation
37
Oxidation secondary alcohol to ketones??
H2SO4 KMnO4 (aq) Heat under reflux
38
Oxidise tertiary alcohols?
Trick question. Doesnt happen.
39
Phenol reacts with NaOH(aq) (aqueous so it can dissociate and be ACID) at room temp. Type of reaction: Products?
Acid-base reaction | Salt is formed (Metal replaces the OH) + H2O
40
Carboxylic acids react with NaOH(aq**) to give?
RCOOH + NaOH -> RCOO-Na+ + H2O
41
Phenols, carboxylic acids and alcohols react with reactive metals SUCH AS Na. Type of reaction: Products?
Acid METAL reaction Salt + H2, colourless gas evolved extinguishes lighted splint with a pop sound K and Mg also OK
42
Reduce carboxylic acids with LiAlH4 in dry ether what do you get?
Alcohol + water.
43
Methanoic Acid (HCOOH) and Ethanedioic Acid (COOH)2 Oxidation R&C and PRODUCTS
Acidified KMNO4 Heat Under Reflux HCOOH + [O] -> CO2 + H2O (COOH)2 + [O] -> 2CO2 + H2O
44
Methanoic Acid (HCOOH) and Ethanedioic Acid (COOH)2 Dehydration R&C and PRODUCTS
Conc H2SO4 Heat HCOOH -> CO + H2O (COOH)2 -> CO2 + CO + H2O
45
For HCOOH only Oxidation by Fehling's and Tollens' reagent
HCOOH has aldehyde group (-CHO), easily oxidised, produces brickred ppt of Cu2O with Fehling's reagent, silver mirror with Tollens' reagent. DOES NOT FORM acyl chloride HCOCl, highly unstable, decomposes to give CO and HCL
46
Phenol acid-base reagents and conditions?
NaOH (aq) ROOM TEMP ✨✨

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