Alkene to Alkane
H2, Ni Catalyst, 150oC
Alkene to Dihaloalkane
X2 (Halogen)
Alkane to Haloalkane
X2 (Halogen) U.V light (Free Radical Substitution)
Haloalkane to Alcohol
NaOH, H2O, Reflux
Alcohol to Haloalkane
NaX, H2SO4
Alcohol to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, Heat
Aldehyde to Alcohol (Primary)
NaBH4, water (Nucleophilic Substitution)
Haloalkane to Amine
Excess Ethanolic Ammonia, Heat
Haloalkane to Nitrile
NaCN, ethanol, reflux
Nitrile to Amine
LiAlH4 then acid, Na then ethanol reflux, H2 Ni catalyst high temp & pressure
Hydroxynitrile to Amine
LiAlH4 then acid, Na then ethanol reflux, H2 Ni catalyst high temp & pressure
Hydroxynitrile to Carboxylic Acid
HCl, Reflux
Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid
HCl, Reflux
Carboxylic Acid to Carboxylate Salt
Base
Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, Reflux
Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile
HCN
Ketone to Hydroxynitrile
HCN
Alcohol (Secondary) to Ketone
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, distil
Ketone to Alcohol (Secondary)
NaBH4, water
Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride
SOCl2
Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid
Cold Water
Acyl Chloride to Amide
Primary: NH3
Secondary: Amine
Acyl Chloride to Ester
Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid to Ester
Alcohol, acid catalyst, heat
Ester to Carboxylic Acid
Acid/Alkali, relfux
Alcohol to Ester
Carboxylic acid, acid catalyst, heat
Ester to Alcohol
Acid/Alkali, relfux
Alkene to Haloaklane
HX (electrophilic addition)
Alkene to Alcohol
Steam, H3PO4, 300oC, 60-70atm
Alcohol to Alkene
conc. H2SO4 170oC
