Organic Reactions Flashcards
(16 cards)
Combustion
_____ + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
Esterfication
Carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester
Reaction conditions:
- concentrated H2SO4 as a catalyst and
- dehydrating agent
- heat
Hydration
+ H2O
Reaction conditions:
- excess water
- strong acid as catalyst
Halogenation
+ X2
Alkene-> R-X2
Bromine rest - saturation
Hydrogenation
+H2
Alkene -> alkane
Non-polar solvent
Pt, Pd, Ni catalyst
Hydrohalogenation
+HX
Alkene + HX -> R-K
No water in system
Markovnikov’s rule
The H will be added to the carbon with the most H’s. X will be added to carbon with most carbons.
Dehydrohalogenation
-HX from haloalkane
KOH or NaOH in ethanol solvent
No water
Heat under reflux
Dehydration of alcohols
-H2O in R-OH
Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
High temperature
Cracking of hydrocarbons
Breaking a large molecule into smaller, more useful molecules.
Alkane -> alkene
Thermal cracking
High temp
No catalyst
Catalytic cracking
Lower temp and pressure
Presence of catalyst
Zeitsev’s rule
The major product is where the H is removed from the C with the least H’s
Haloalkanes from alkanes
UV light
Alkane + X2 -> R-X
RX to form alcohol
RX + H2O -> R-OH
Presence of strong base (NaOH/KOH)
No base - slow - product with H
No H2O - elimination
Alcohol to haloalkanes
HX + R-OH -> K-X
OH replaced by X
Tertiary alcohol - room temp + HBr or HCl
Other alcohols at high temp
