Organic Reactions- Part 1 Flashcards
Alkane + Halogen —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Observations?
Haloalkane + Hydrogen halide.
Requires UV light.
Mechanism is radical substitution.
Decolorisation of bromine is observed (if that’s the halogen used).
Alkene + Hydrogen —> ?
Conditions?
Alkane
Requires a nickel catalyst and heat.
Alkene + Halogen —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Dihaloalkane.
Doesn’t require any specific conditions. Can take place in the absence of UV light.
Mechanism is electrophilic addition.
Alkene + Hydrogen halide —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Haloalkane.
No specific conditions.
Mechanism is electrophilic addition.
Alkene + Water —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Alcohol.
Requires steam and a phosphoric acid catalyst.
Mechanism is electrophilic addition.
What type of polymerisation do alkenes undergo?
Addition polymerisation.
What does the dehydration of an alcohol form?
Conditions?
Alkene + Water.
Requires heat and a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst.
What can the oxidation of a primary alcohol form?
Conditions?
Observation?
An aldehyde or a carboxylic acid (and water).
Requires warm, aqueous, acidic potassium dichromate. Distil first aldehyde; reflux for carboxylic acid.
A colour change from orange to green will be observed.
What does the oxidation of a secondary alcohol form?
Conditions?
Observation?
Ketone.
Requires warm, aqueous, acidic potassium dichromate. Reflux.
A colour change from orange to green will be observed.
Alcohol + Hydrogen halide —> ?
Conditions?
Haloalkane + Water
Requires a warm mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and NaCl (or NaBr) to form the hydrogen halide.
Haloalkane + Alkali —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Alcohol + Halogen ion.
Requires aqueous OH- and heat.
Mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
Haloalkane + Ammonia —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
What’s important about the immediate product?
(Primary) Amine + Hydrogen halide.
Requires an excess of ethanolic ammonia.
The mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
The immediate product is the amine salt. React with an alkali to form the free amine.
Haloalkane + Primary amine —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
What’s important about the immediate product?
Secondary amine + Hydrogen halide.
Requires an excess of ethanolic primary amine.
The mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
The immediate product is the amine salt. React with alkali to form the free amine.
Haloalkane + Sodium cyanide —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Nitrile + Sodium halide (e.g. NaBr).
Requires ethanolic sodium cyanide.
Mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
