Organic Synthesis Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkane into a halogenoalkane?
X₂ and UV light
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into a primary amine?
Excess NH₃ and heat
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into a nitrile?
KCN(aq), ethanol, reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into an alcohol?
Warm NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq), reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a haloalkane into an alkene?
NaOH or KOH, warm ethanol, reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a primary amine into Secondary / Tertiary amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts?
Further substitutions with halogenoalkanes, heat
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene to halogenoalkane?
HX, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene into a dibromoalkane?
Br₂, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alkene into an alcohol?
H₃PO₄ catalyst, steam, 573K, 60 atm
OR
H₂O, H₂SO₄ catalyst
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a nitrile into a primary amine?
H₂, Nickel or Platinum catalyst, high temperature and pressure
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into an alkene?
Concentrated H₂SO₄ (catalyst)
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into a carboxylic acid (primary alcohols only)?
K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an alcohol into an aldehyde / ketone?
K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, heat in distillation apparatus (primary alcohol) or reflux apparatus (secondary alcohols) - does not work with tertiary alcohols
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde / ketone into an alcohol?
NaBH₄ in water with methanol
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid?
K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an aldehyde / ketone into a hydroxynitrile?
Acidified KCN(aq) or HCN(g), 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise a carboxylic acid into an ester?
Alcohol, concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst, reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an ester into a carboxylic acid?
Dilute acid catalyst (e.g. H₂SO₄), H₂O, reflux
OR
Dilute alkali (e.g. NaOH(aq)), reflux
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a carboxylic acid?
H₂O, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into an ester?
Alcohol, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a primary amide?
NH₃, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise an acyl chloride / acid anhydride into a N-Substituted Amide?
Amine, 298K
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise benzene into a phenylketone?
Acylation
RCOCl, AlCl₃ catalyst, reflux, non aqueous environment
What are the conditions and reagents needed to synthesise benzene into nitrobenzene?
Nitration
Concentrated H₂SO₄ (catalyst), concentrated HNO₃, below 55 degrees centigrade (for monosubstitution)
