Organic synthesis

Question 1

Alkane to alkene

Answer 1

Cracking

Question 2

Alkene to addition polymer

Answer 2

Polymerisation

Question 3

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 3

Halogen and UV light
Or sunlight

Question 4

Alkene to alkane

Answer 4

Hydrogen gas
5 atm
150c
Nickel catalyst
OR platinum catalyst at room temp and pressure
Addition reaction

Question 5

Alkene to haloalkane

Answer 5

HX(aq)
Room temp
Electrophilic addition

Question 6

Haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 6

Reflux
NaCN in aq ethanol
Substitution

Question 6

Haloalkane to amine

Answer 6

Conc NH3 (aq)
Sealed tube
Substitution

Question 7

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 7

300c
Steam
60atm
H3PO4 catalyst
Electrophilic addition reaction

OR

H2SO4 catalyst and cold water

Question 8

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 8

Reflux
Conc H2SO4
Followed by water
Elimination reaction

Question 9

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 9

Reflux with aqueous NaOH
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 10

Alcohol to ether

Answer 10

H2SO4
Heat
Primary alcohols only

Question 11

Alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 11

Acidified potassium dichromate
Primary only
Distillation

Question 12

Aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 12

LiBH4

Question 13

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 13

Alcohol
Conc H2SO4 as a catalyst
Reflux
Esterifiication

Question 14

Ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 14

Reflux
Dilute acid
Water
Hydrolysis

Question 15

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 15

Secondary only
Reflux
Acidified potassium dichromate

Question 16

Ketone to alcohol

Answer 16

NaBH4

Question 17

Acyl chloride to ester

Answer 17

ROH
Room temp
Acylation

Question 18

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

Answer 18

Reflux primary amide
RNH2
Room temp
Acylation

Question 19

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 19

Water

Question 20

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 20

Reflux
SOCl2
Substitution

Question 21

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 21

Reflux
Primary only
Acidified potassium dichromate

Question 22

Nitrile to primary amine

Answer 22

LiAlH4
Lithium aluminium hydride

Question 23

Amide to carboxylic acid

Answer 23

H2SO4
Heat

Question 24

Alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 24

Reflux Conc H2SO4 Substitution reaction Na halide (NaBr(s))

Question 25

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 25

Reflux Acidified potassium dichromate Secondary only

Question 26

Acyl chloride to primary amide

Answer 26

Room temp Acylation conc. NH3(aq)

Question 27

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 27

Reflux Acidified potassium dichromate

Question 28

Aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 28

NaBH4 Reduction

Question 29

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 29

Two molecules join together to form a single product Involves breaking a double bond

Question 30

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 30

Involves removing a functional group which is released as part of a small molecules A double bond is often formed

Question 31

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 31

A functional group on a molecule is swapped for a new one

Question 32

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 32

Two molecules join together with the loss of a small molecule, such as water

Question 33

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 33

Water is used to split apart a molecule creating two smaller ones

Question 34

What is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 34

A loss of electrons In organic chemistry it usually means gaining an oxygen atom or losing a hydrogen atom

Question 35

What is a reduction reaction?

Answer 35

A gain of electrons In organic chemistry it usually means gaining a hydrogen atom or losing an oxygen atom

Question 36

Alcohol and acidanhydride

Answer 36

Ester