Organic Synthesis

Question 1

How do you turn an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?

Answer 1

aqueous KCN, Sulfuric Acid and Room Temperature

Question 3

What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into Secondary/Tertiary amines, their salts and Quaternary ammonium salts?

Answer 3

Ammonia and Heat

Question 4

What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into amines?

Answer 4

Nucleophilic Substitution

Question 5

What reaction requires LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4?

Answer 5

Turning a nitrile into a primary amine

Question 7

What conditions are needed to turn a Halogenoalkane into a Nitrile?
What is the name of the mechanism of this reaction?

Answer 7

KCN, Ethanol and Reflux and nucleophilic Substitution

Question 8

What conditions are required to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?

Answer 8

HX and Room Temperature (approx. 20 degrees)

Question 10

What conditions are required to turn a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?

Answer 10

KOH, Ethanol and Reflux

Question 11

Which reaction requires Br2 and Room temperature to occur?

What is the name of the mechanism?

Answer 11

Turning an Alkene into a Dibromoalkane

• Electrophilic Addition

Question 12

What is the mechanism for turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alkene?

Answer 12

Elimination

Question 13

How do you turn an Alcohol into an Alkene?

Answer 13

Dehydration (elimination) reaction using concentrated Sulfuric acid and reflux

Question 14

Name the two ways you can turn an Alkene into an Alcohol and their mechanisms:

Answer 14

(1. ) H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) catalyst, steam, 300 degrees, 60 atm; Hydration reaction
(2. ) Water, Sulfuric acid catalyst; electrophilic addition

Question 15

What conditions are required to turn a Primary Alcohol into a carboxylic acid?

Answer 15

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux

Question 16

How do you turn an Acid Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?

Answer 16

Alcohol and Room temperature

Question 17

How do you turn a primary/ secondary Alcohol into an Aldehyde/Ketone?

Answer 17

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, heat in distillation apparatus

Question 19

How do you turn an aldehyde/ketone back into an alcohol?

What mechanism is it?

Answer 19

NaBH4 in water and methanol and Nucleophilic Addition

Question 20

What is the mechanism for turning an Aldehyde/ Ketone into a Hydroxynitrile?

Answer 20

Nucleophilic Addition

Question 21

Which reaction requires an Alcohol, a Concentrated Sulfuric Acid catalyst and heat?

Answer 21

Carboxylic Acid –> Ester (esterification)

Question 22

How do you turn an Ester into a Carboxylic Acid?

Answer 22

Dilute Sulfuric Acid catalyst, reflux or dilute NaOH reflux

Question 23

How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Carboxylic Acid?

Answer 23

Water and Room temperature

Question 24

What is the name of the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into an Ester?

Answer 24

Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination

Question 25

Name the mechanism for turning an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a primary amide

Answer 25

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

Question 26

Which reaction requires an Amine and Room temperature and is a Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination reaction?

Answer 26

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride –> N-Substituted Amide

Question 28

How do you turn Benzene into a Phenolketone?

Answer 28

R-COCl, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux and a non-aqueous environment

Question 29

Why are scientists concerned with designing processes that are not too wasteful?

Answer 29

To reduce waste and make more useful products in reactions with high atom economies and high percentage yields

Question 30

What conditions are needed to turn an Alkane into a Halogenoalkane? What is the name of the mechanism?

Answer 30

X2, UV Light and Free-Radical Substitution

Question 31

Which Electrophilic Substitution needs Concentrated Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated Nitric Acid and a temperature below 55 degrees?

Answer 31

Nitration reaction turning benzene into nitrobenzene

Question 32

What is a Nucleophile?

Answer 32

A nucleophile is an electron-pair donor; it donates a pair of electrons to somewhere without enough electrons (e.g OH-, CN- and NH3)

Question 33

Name the type of reaction turning benzene into a phenolketone?

Answer 33

Acylation

Question 34

How do you turn an Acyl Chloride/ Acid Anhydride into a Primary Amine?

Answer 34

Ammonia and Room temperature

Question 35

What reaction requires warm NaOH and reflux and is a Nucleophilic Substitution reaction?

Answer 35

Turning a Halogenoalkane into an Alcohol

Question 36

What are the conditions required to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine?

Answer 36

Sn, Concentrated HCl, reflux and then add NaOH

Question 37

What is the name of the reaction to turn Nitrobenzene into an Aromatic Amine

Answer 37

Reduction

Question 38

What is the mechanism for turning an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?

Answer 38

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

Question 39

What conditions are needed to turn an Aromatic Amine into an N-Phenylethanamide?

Answer 39

CH3COCl r.t.p

Question 40

What is an Electrophile?

Answer 40

An electrophile is an electron-pair acceptor. They're ususally a few electrons short so they're attracted to areas of high electron density. (e.g. positively charged ions like H+ and NO2+ or delta positive polar molecules)

Question 41

Why do scientists try to avoid using solvents in synthesis routes?

Answer 41

Because they are often flammable and toxic so can pose safety risks. If the solvent has to be disposed of after the reaction is complete that can create a lot of waste too

Question 42

How do you turn an Aldehyde into a Carboxylic Acid?

Answer 42

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 and reflux

Question 43

What is the mechanism for turning benzene into a phenolketone?

Answer 43

Electrophilic Substitution

Question 47

What is the mechanism to turn an Alkene into a Halogenoalkane?

Answer 47

Electrophilic Addition