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A Level - Chemistry > Organic synthesis > Flashcards

Organic synthesis Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the features of homologus series you should learn?

A

Functional group

Properties

Typical reactions

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2
Q

What are the features of alkanes?

A

C-C

Non-polar and unreactive

Radical substitution

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3
Q

What are the features of alkenes?

A

C=C

Non-polar, electron-rich double bond

Electrophilic addition

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4
Q

What are the features of aromatic compounds?

A

C6H5-

Stable delocalsied ring of electrons

Electrophilic substitution

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5
Q

What are the features of an alcohol?

A

Polar C-OH bond

Nucleophillic substitution and dehydration/elimination

OR Lone pair on O acts a nucleophile

Esterification and nucleophilic substitution

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6
Q

What are the features of halogenoalkane?

A

C-X

Polar C-X bond

Nucleophilic substitution or elimination

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7
Q

What are the features of amines?

A

C-NH2 or C-NR2

Lone pair on N is basic and can act as nucleophile

Neutralisation and nucleophilic substitution

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8
Q

What is the functional group of an amide?

A

-CONH2 or -CONHR

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9
Q

What are the properties of nitriles?

A

C-C≡N

Electron deficient carbon centre

Reduction or hydrolysis

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10
Q

What are the featrures of aldehydes/ketones? (carbonyls)

A

C=O

Polar C=O bond

Nucleophilic addition or reduction and aldehydes will oxidise

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11
Q

What are the features of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

Electron deficient carbon centre

Neutralisation or esterification or reduction

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12
Q

What are the features of an ester?

A

RCOOR’

Electron deficient carbon centre

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

What are the features of an acyl chloride?

A

-COCl

Electron deficient carbon centre

Nucleophilic addition-elimination or condensation (loses HCl) or Friedel-Crafts reaction

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14
Q

What is a synthetic route?

A

Way in which you react things in different steps to form the desired product

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15
Q

What should be included if exams ask you how to make compound from another in the exam?

A

Special procedures (e.g. refluxing)

Conditions needed (tempreature or catalyst)

Safety precautions (do in a fume cupboard)

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16
Q

What two things should be remembered in a synthetic route?

A

Stereoisomers

Safety

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17
Q

Why is making the correct stereoisomers imporant?

A

Different stereoisomers could have different properties

Mechanisms can cause different ones to form

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18
Q

What are the conditions of thermal cracking and what are the products?

A

1000ºC

70 atm

Long-chain alkanes → mostly alkenes

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19
Q

What are the conditions of catalytic cracking and what are the products?

A

500ºC

Slight pressure

Zeolite catalyst (hydrated aluminosilicate)

Long-chain alkanes → smaller aromatic hydrocarbons

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20
Q

What is reforming and what are the conditions?

A

Conversion of straight chain → cyclic → aromatic hydrocarbons

500ºC

Platinum catalyst

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21
Q

What is hydrogenation and conditions?

A

Alkene + H2 → Alkane

150ºC

Nickle catalyst

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22
Q

How do you convert an alkene to a diol?

A

Acidified KMnO4

20ºC

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23
Q

How do you convert an alkene to a dihalogenoalkane?

A

X2

20ºC

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24
Q

How do you convert an alkene to an alkane?

(hydrogenation reaction)

A

H2

Nickel catalyst

150ºC

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25
How do you convert an alkene into an alcohol? (hydration)
Steam H3PO4 catalyst 300ºC 60-70 atm
26
How do you convert an alcohol to an alkene?
conc H3PO4 170ºC
27
How do you convert an alkene to a halogenoalkane?
HX 20ºC
28
How do you convert a halogenoalkane to an alkene?
KOH Ethanol Reflux
29
How do you convert an alkane to a halogenoalkane?
X2 UV light
30
How do you convert a halogenoalkane to an alcohol?
warm aqueous KOH + reflux OR Mg, dry ether, carbonyl then dilute acid
31
How do you convert an alcohol into a halogenoalkane?
KBr, 50% H2SO4 at 20ºC for bromoalkane PCl5, 20ºC OR HCl 20ºC for chloroalkane Red phosphorus + Iodine refluxed in situ then distilled for iodoalkane
32
How do you convert an alcohol to an ester?
Carboxylic acid, acid catalyst and heat OR acyl chloride
33
How do you convert an ester to an alcohol?
Dilute acid or alkali Reflux
34
How do you convert a halogenoalkane to a nitrile?
KCN Ethanol Reflux
35
How do you convert a halogenoalkane to a carboxylic acid?
Mg, dry ether then CO2 then dilute acid
36
How do you convert a halogenoalkane to a primary amine?
XS ethanolic ammonia Heat
37
How do you convert a primary amine to a more substituted amine?
Halogenoalkane
38
How do you convert a nitrile to a primary amine?
LiAlH4 then dilute acid OR H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp and pressure
39
How do you convert a nitrile to a carboxylic acid?
Dilute HCl Reflux
40
How do you convert an alcohol to an iodoalkane?
Red phosphorus and I2 to make PI3 in situ Reflux
41
How do you convert a primary alcohol into an aldehyde?
K2Cr2O7 & H2SO4 Heat Distil for aldehydes
42
How do you convert a secondary alcohol into a ketone?
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 Reflux
43
How do you convert an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid?
K2Cr2O7 & H2SO4 Reflux
44
How do you convert a methyl ketone (RCOCH3) into a carboxylic acid?
I2 & NaOH 20ºC
45
How do you convert a carboxylic acid into a primary alcohol?
LiAlH4
46
How do you convert an aldehyde or ketone into the hydroxynitrile?
KNC & H+ OR HCN & ethanol at reflux
47
How do you convert an ester to a carboxylic acid?
Dliute acid or alkali Reflux
48
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an ester?
Alcohol Acid catalyst Heat
49
How do you convert a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?
PCl5 20ºC
50
How do you convert an acyl chloride into a carboxylic acid?
Cold H2O
51
How do you convert an acyl chloride into an ester?
Alcohol 20ºC
52
How do you convert an acyl chloride to make a primary amide?
NH3 20ºC
53
How do you convert an acyl chloride to make an N-substituted amide?
Primary amine 20ºC
54
How do you convert a benzene ring into a halobenzene?
X2 Halogen carrier 20ºC
55
What are the halogen carriers?
Aluminium halides Iron halides Iron
56
How do you convert benzene to a phenylketone?
Acyl chloride AlCl3 catalyst Reflux
57
How do you convert benzene into an alkyl benzene?
Halogenoalkane AlCl3 catalyst Reflux
58
How do you convert benzene into nitrobenzene?
conc HNO3 & conc H2SO4 Below 55ºC
59
How do you convert nitrobenzene into phenylamine?
Tin & conc HCl under reflux Then NaOH
60
How do you convert a phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol?
Bromine water 20ºC

A Level - Chemistry (26 decks)

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