organic synthesis and analysis

Question 1

which QuickFit apparatus are needed for heating under reflux?

Answer 1

Liebig condenser
pear shaped flask
rubber tubing
stand and clamp
heat source (usually bunsen burner)

Question 2

which QuickFit apparatus are needed for distillation?

Answer 2

pear shaped flask
Liebig condenser
rubber tubing
heat source
stand and clamp
screw-cap adaptor
receiver adaptor
still head
thermometer

Question 3

how do you purify an organic liquid?

Answer 3

add a neutralising agent e.g Na2CO3 (if H+ catalyst used)
separate the aqueous and organic layer using a separating funnel- organic layer is on top
dry the organic layer using an anhydrous salt (e.g. MgSO4 or CaCl2)
redistil using distillation apparatus at the boiling point of the organic liquid

Question 4

how do you purify an organic solid?

Answer 4

dissolve solid in minimum volume of hot solvent
allow to cool and recrystallise- scratch with a glass rod
filter under reduced pressure
wash with cold solvent and dry