Organic Synthesis Reactions Flashcards
(29 cards)
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to an alkane?
H2 (hydrogen)
Nickel catalyst
150 degrees
What is the test for unsaturation and what conditions does it require?
An alkene, Br2 (X2 - being a halogen)
20 degrees
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to a haloalkane?
HX (with X being a halogen)
20 degrees
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alkene to an alcohol and what is this reaction called?
Steam H3PO4 catalyst 300 degrees 60-70 atm This is called steam hydration.
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alcohol to an alkene and what is this reaction called?
Conc H3PO4 or H2SO4
170 degrees
This is an elimination reaction.
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to an alcohol and what is this reaction called?
Warm NaOH or KOH
H2O
Reflux
This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an alcohol to a haloalkane?
NaX (X is a halogen)
H2SO4
20 degrees
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to an amine?
Excess ethanolic ammonia
Heat
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a haloalkane to a nitrile and what is this reaction called?
NaCN or KCN
Ethanol
Reflux
This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
What can alcohol react with to form an ester?
Carboxylic acid with acid catalyst and heat
Acyl chloride
Acid anhydride
How can an ester be turned back into an alcohol?
Dilute acid or alkali
Reflux
(Acid or alkali hydrolysis)
How can an alcohol be reacted to form an aldehyde or ketone?
K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 or potassium dichromate
Heat - reflux/fractional distillation
How can you turn an aldehyde or ketone back into an alcohol?
NaBH4
Then H2O
How does an aldehyde/ketone form a hydroxynitrile?
React with HCN
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a (hydroxy)nitrile to a amine?
LiAlH4 then dilute acid
OR Na, ethanol and reflux
OR H2 and Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp, and pressure. (Catalytic hydrogenation - used in industry).
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a (hydroxy)nitrile to a carboxylic acid?
Dilute HCI
Reflux
How do aldehydes react to form carboxylic acids?
Acidified potassium dichromate and reflux.
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an ester to a carboxylic acid and what is this reaction called?
Dilute acid or alkali
Reflux
This is acid/alkali hydrolysis
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from a carboxylic acid to an ester and what can this reaction be called?
Alcohol
Acid catalyst
Heat
This is esterification.
What does an acyl chloride react with to form an ester?
Alcohol
20 degrees
What does a carboxylic acid react with to form an acyl chloride?
SOCl2
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid and what type of reaction is this?
A vigorous reaction with cold H2O.
How does an acyl chloride react to form an amide (how does this differ between a secondary and primary amide)?
> For a primary amide - Ammonia (NH3) and 20 degrees
>For a secondary amide - Amine and 20 degrees
What reagents and conditions do you need to go from nitrobenzene to phenylamine?
Tin
Conc HCI
Reflux then NaOH
