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Marine Pollution > Organics > Flashcards

Organics Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about Organic chemicals and metals?

A
  1. Non-radioactive metals
  2. Trace Metals
  3. Synthetic organic compounds
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2
Q

Non-radioactive metal traits

A

Can be transformed but not broken down to “inert substances” (not reactive)

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3
Q

Metabolic products of org. chemicals

A
  1. Mostly transformed to benign products

2. Rarely, more bio reactive and potentially toxic than parent compounds

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4
Q

Organic compounds

A
  1. Some are essential (AA, lipids, vitamins)
  2. Many metals have dissolved in seawater that are essential for some organisms
  3. Many are liphophilic
  4. End up in fatty tissue
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5
Q

Trace metals

A

Trace metals in ocean do not volatize from the ocean

  • important process leading to transportation of POPs
    • Exception- Hg and some metalloids
  • high assimilation that gets built up food chain
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6
Q

What makes org contaminants marine pollutants?

A
  1. High bioaccumulation potential
    - Low aqueous solubility (water dissolving)
    - Small enough to pass membranes
  2. High specificty or active sits of enzymes/receptors at membranes
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7
Q

POP’s are not drinking water pollutants

A
  1. Limited solubility
    - water minor introduction
  2. Absorb to soils, reducing concentration
    - Want to stick to solids
    - High Kd values
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8
Q

Biomagnification

A
  1. Increase in conc. of contaminant as you move up the food wed
  2. To biomagnify… org chemicals have to be hydrophobic and stable to transformations
    - Chemical contaminant levels increase with age
  3. Low excretion rates
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9
Q

Components of crude oil

A

Paraffins (alkanes) (least soluble)
Naphthenes (Cycloalkenes)
Mono-aromatic compounds and 2-ring naphthalene
Cyclic, often aromatic aromatic compounds that possess elements other than C and H are referred to as hetrocylci compounds

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10
Q

Halogens (I, Br, Cl, Fl)

A

Important in affecting likelihood org chemicals to be marine pollutants
Bonds are harder to break
Make more hydrophobic

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11
Q

Freons (Fluorines)

A
  • C-Cl bond only broken in stratosphere
  • Stable in the ocean
  • Serves as oceanic water mass transport tracers
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12
Q

Modern pesticides

A

have H bonds with O,N,S

  • Hydrogen bonding with water
  • More soluble
  • Less volatilization from water
  • More persistent
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13
Q

Pyrethoids

A

-More hydrophobic
-More likely to accumulate in solid/sediment
Type 1— easily degradable
Type 2— Stable in env.
*Chrysanthemum

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14
Q

Brominated

A

Flame retardant

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15
Q

Persistent Organic Pollutants

A
  • Stable molecules (persist for long)
  • Transport via wind (long range)
  • Can accumulate in organisms (biomag.)
  • Pose risk to human health and env.
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16
Q

Stockholm Convention

A

Over 90 countries promise to reduce POP use

-info made to public, education, research, monitoring

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17
Q

Dirty dozen

A

Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor,
Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCBs,Chlorinated dioxins and furans
**Polychlorinated hydrocarbons
-Stable
-Do not degrade to less toxic forms
-Low solubility in water
-Soluble in fats and lipid membranes

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18
Q

Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)

A

-Ratio of con. of chemical in octanol divided by conc in water
High Kow= higher bioaccumulation
Indicate how hydrophobic
*** Provide indication of tendency to accumulate in tissues

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19
Q

Fukushima

A

20k people died from explosion but none from radiation
Released 100 mill radioactivity
-Iodine
-Cesium (also naturally abundance in seawater)

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20
Q

Sampling radioactivity of fukushima

A

Used Zooplankton and anthropogenic radioisotopes

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21
Q

Iodine

A

I131- 8 day half life
1 year after- none left
I127- stable
present concentrations

22
Q

Cesium

A
  • Much longer halflife of 30 or 2.1
  • Non-essential for all org.
  • Higher uptake in freshwaters closer to land
  • Modest mag in food chain (low in water high in food)
  • Highly assimilated in fish (muscles)
23
Q

Pesticides

A

Kill potential disease causing organisms and control insects, weeds, and other pests

  • Enters surface waters through leakage, spills, runoff
  • Highest concentrations at coast
24
Q

DDT (pesticide) properties

A

Used for agriculture and mosquito control

  • Stable and persistent
  • —When sprayed, its there for decades
  • Semi-volatile
  • Low aqueous solubility
  • —Soluble is oil and fat
  • Bioaccumulates
25
Q

POP Migration process

A

Sprayed at low lat areas and disperses to high lat areas cia wind

26
Q

Effects of POP in animals

A

Effects on nervous system, and immune systems
Toxic to many aquatic invertebrates
Shell thinning
Competes with estrogen for binding at receptor leading to sexual impairments

27
Q

DDT in mosquito control

A
  • Long-acting
  • Cost-effective
  • Sprayed on walls
  • Reduces survival if mosquitos come into contact
28
Q

Nuclear energy

A
  • Small waste generated
  • Radioactive fuel source
  • Generates almost no CO2
  • Cleanest fuel
29
Q

Alpha particle (He nuclei)

A

-Large and easily stopped
-Deadly if ingested
-Collides with DNA that can lead to mutations and cancer
Abundant in Polonium (found in soil by tobacco)

30
Q

Beta rays

A

Travel faster, further, easily deflected (x-rays)

31
Q

Primordial radionuclides

A 
residues from big bang. Looong half lives
40K most important
-Significant source of radioactivity
- Essential for all living org
-Common in oceans
-Most radioactivity in seawater
Uranium and Thorium (stable)
U- heaviest naturally occurring
---Doesn't stick
32
Q

Cosmic rays

A

High energy atomic nuclei

Produce radioactive nuclei- 3H and 14C

33
Q

Transuranics in radioactive waste

A

Man-made elements released through nuclear weapons testing

Neptunium- just exist

Plutonium- BIG deal. Extremely toxic. 2nd most toxic substance, causes cancer.. Long half-life

Americium- Very toxic

34
Q

How to get rid of waste

A
  • Stick under land
  • Under ocean floor
  • Into space
  • Convert to non-radioactive
35
Q

Site of disposal

A 
Isolated from living things
Not near natural disaster areas
Not near water
Cannisters
-- If escaped from cannister, would stick to sediment
36
Q

Radioactivity input into oceans

A

All from nuclear testing. Small amount from dumping

37
Q

Weapons testing

A

Input Uranium and Plutonium

  • Entered as fallout
  • Plutonium has a HL of 24.4k years
38
Q

Petroleum hydrocarbons

A

Refined or crude oil

Has chemical, physical and biological properties

39
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A

Fewer rings = lower weight = solubilize most in seawater- quickly volatilized- easily degraded = more toxic

40
Q

PAH’s

A

More persistent
Very low water solubility
Linked out outbreaks of cancer in aquatic species

41
Q

Oil spills

A

Sudden release of large volumes of oil

Persistent in sediments and shores

42
Q

Process of break down

A

Enters water..

Evaporation - dispersion - dissolution - oxidation - emulsification - spreading

43
Q

Tar balls

A

Form on beach
High mol. weight hydrocarbons- toxic
Form after oxidation by light
Mousse turns into tar balls after further photoxidation

44
Q

Fate of oil spills

A

Contaminants will seep through beach

Not easily degraded/ cleaned

45
Q

Acute Effects of oil

A

Accumulation in membranes affecting function
oiling on surfaces
death
narcosis

46
Q

Chronic Effects of oil

A

reduced feeding, growth, reproduction
behavioral deficits
genetic damage and carcinogenesis
reduced immune function

47
Q

Clean up efforts

A

Booms and skimmers to contain/ collect
Dispersants
Controlled fires

48
Q

Dispersants

A

PRO
One end attracted to water, the other oil. Helps the oil break down
Minimize exposure of oil slicks to animals

CON
Negative affects to marine organisms
Bioaccumulation
Marine snow

49
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • Excess in nutrients (N ad P) from run off from agriculture/ industries.
  • Increase in dense plant growth - no oxygen so death
  • –See an increase in phytoplankton = strip oxygen = release bacteria that chews up organic matter.
  • See altered trophic interactions, inc. mortality/growth of fish, toxic blooms.
50
Q

Michaelis-Menten

A

predict the rate of product formation in enzymatic reactions for more than a century.

51
Q

Water Treatment

A

Reduce O2 in water
Remove pathogens
Remove solids
Remove N and P

Marine Pollution (1 decks)

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