Organics Apparatus

Question 1

Describe reflux

Answer 1

Increases the rate of reaction;
(Condensing) prevents volatile chemicals from being lost to the environment, (The mixture refluxed to increase reaction rate without loss
of product through evaporation).

Question 2

Describe condensation polymerisation

Answer 2

This is a condensation polymer / polyamide, as monomers join / amide link
forms and a molecule of water or HCl is released during the reaction.

Question 3

Describe acid hydrolysis

Answer 3

Acid hydrolysis conditions:
H2O/H+ or HCl(aq)
and
heat or reflux

Question 4

Describe base hydrolysis

Answer 4

H2O/OH¯ or NaOH(aq)
and
heat or reflux

Question 5

Describe distillation

Answer 5

Fractional Distillation.

The purpose of the process is to purify the chemical / separate product

• This is achieved by separating liquids according to their boiling

points.
• Chemicals are boiled then condensed

• The fraction at the desired boiling point is kept / other fractions are discarded.

Question 6

Distillation

Answer 6

Distillation is a way to separate the aldehyde (propanal) from the reactant alcohol
(propan-1-ol) which has a higher boiling point. The aldehyde (propanal) can react
further to form a carboxylic acid (propanoic acid). This reaction is prevented if the
aldehyde is removed as it is formed – distillation achieves this by evaporating the
aldehyde and then allowing it to condense for collection.