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chemistry > organics I 4.5 > Flashcards

organics I 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is crude oil

A

mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

what happens to the colour of the fractions as the boiling point increases

A

darker

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3
Q

what happens to the viscosity of the fractions as the boiling point increases

A

become more viscous

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4
Q

how many fractions are there

A

6

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5
Q

what are fractions lowest bp - highest

A

refinery gases
gasoline
kerosene
diesel
fuel oil
bitumen

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6
Q

how does the molecular mass change as the boiling point increases

A

increases

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7
Q

use of refinery gases

A

fuel for home cooking

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8
Q

use of gasoline

A

fuel for cars

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9
Q

use of kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft

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10
Q

use of diesel

A

fuel for trains

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11
Q

use of fuel oil

A

fuel for ships

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12
Q

use of bitumen

A

making roads

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13
Q

how are fractions separated

A

fractional distillation

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14
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A
  1. heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, when they condense
  3. different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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15
Q

how does temperature vary in the distillation column

A

the bottom is hot and the top is cooler

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16
Q

alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

what are alkanes made from

A

simple molecules containing C and H atoms held together by covalent bonds

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18
Q

alkane 1 carbon name

A

methane

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19
Q

alkane 2 carbon name

A

ethane

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20
Q

alkane 3 carbon name

A

propane

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21
Q

alkane 4 carbon name

A

butane

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22
Q

alkane 5 carbon name

A

pentane

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23
Q

what is display formula

A

a diagram showing the position of every atom and every bond

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24
Q

what is structural formula

A

shows the structure of the molecule in one line

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25
Q

what is molecular formula

A

show show many carbon and hydrogen atoms there are

26
Q

what is empirical formula

A

shows the simplest whole-number ratio

27
Q

what is a homologous series

A

similar chemical reactions
trends in physical properties
same general formula

28
Q

what is an isomer

A

a molecule with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

29
Q

what makes isomers different

A

branching in the carbon chain

30
Q

why are most alkanes used as fuels

A

they release a lot of energy when combusted

31
Q

when does complete combustion occur

A

when there is excess oxygen

32
Q

alkane + oxygen –>

A

carbon dioxide + water

33
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur

A

when there isn’t enough oxygen

34
Q

what does incomplete combustion release

A

carbon monoxide and soot

35
Q

why do incomplete reactions make alkanes less useful

A

releases less energy

36
Q

what does the combustion of alkanes as fuels release

A

carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide

37
Q

how do alkanes react with halogens

A

swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom

38
Q

what type of reaction is it when a halogen reacts with an alkane

A

substitution reaction

39
Q

what are the requirements for alkanes to react with halogens

A

UV light, as the alkane is not reactive

40
Q

how does crude oil compare to other alkanes

A

much longer than shorter ones

41
Q

what does cracking do

A

breaks down longer alkanes into smaller more useful ones

42
Q

what conditions are needed for cracking

A

temperature - 650 degrees
catalyst - aluminium oxide

43
Q

long alkane –>

A

shorter alkane + alkene

44
Q

alkenes general formula

A

CnH2n

45
Q

what is the difference between alkanes and alkenes

A

alkenes have one C=C double-bond

46
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

they have a double C=C bond

47
Q

what does saturated mean

A

they don’t have a double C=C bond

48
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

49
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

50
Q

what type of reaction is alkene + bromine

A

addition reaction

51
Q

does an alkene +bromine reaction require uv light

A

no, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

52
Q

what colour does the mixture turn in an alkene + bromine reaction

A

orange –> colourless, bromine is used up in the reaction

53
Q

when does an addition polymer form

A

when molecules with a C=C double bond add into chains

54
Q

what are the small molecules that add together called

A

monomers

55
Q

what are the long chains that form when added together called

A

polymers

56
Q

how are addition polymers represented

A

repeating units

57
Q

common uses for poly(ethene)

A

drinks bottles, shopping bags

58
Q

common uses for poly(propene)

A

storage boxes, climbing ropes

59
Q

common uses for poly(chloroethene)

A

wire insulation, drainpipes

60
Q

poly(tetrafluoroethene)

A

non-stick coating

61
Q

how to dispose of addition polymers

A

reuse, recycle, incinerate, landfill

61
Q

how to dispose of addition polymers

A

reuse, recycle, incinerate, landfill

chemistry (17 decks)

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