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GCSE Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

True or false, the spongy mesophyll is a tissue

A

True

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle on the top of the leaf

A

To reduce water loss
(It is a thin layer of lipids that the water can’t get through)

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3
Q

Where are most stomata located in a leaf and why

A

Underside
To prevent water loss through evaporation as it is shaded so cooler

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4
Q

Why is the upper epidermis transparent

A

Allow light to pass through to reach palisade cells for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Where are the epidermis located in the leaf

A

Top (upper)
Bottom (lower)
(Single layer of cells to protect against water loss)

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6
Q

What is the upper and lower epidermis

A

Single layer of cells to protect against water loss but transparent to still let light pass through

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7
Q

True or false, the waxy cuticle and epidermis both protects against water loss

A

True
Waxy cuticle (waterproof layer) is very outer layer of leaf followed by epidermis (single layer of cells)

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8
Q

What is transpiration

A

Movement of water from roots to leaves through xylem and then the loss of water by evaporation through the stomata

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9
Q

4 factors affecting rate of transpiration

A

Humidity
Temperature
Wind
light

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10
Q

How humidity affects rate of transpiration

A

More humid= slower rate so less water loss
(When it’s humid there’s already lots of water in the air so less of it evaporates from the leaf)

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11
Q

How light affects rate of transpiration

A

Higher light intensity increases rate as stomata open wider for more CO2 to be let in for photosynthesis but in turn water is lost

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12
Q

How wind affects rate of transpiration

A

More wind increases rate
Water vapour is removed quickly by wind so concentration gradient is steeper

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13
Q

How temperature effects rate of transpiration

A

Higher temperature increases rate because water evaporates faster in higher temperatures

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14
Q

What is translocation

A

Movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant through phloem

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15
Q

Importance of transpiration in plants

A

Provides water to cells to keep them turgid
Provides water to cells for photosynthesis
Transports mineral ions to leaves

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16
Q

Importance of translocation in plants

A

Moves dissolved sugars produced in photosynthesis to other parts of plant allowing respiration, growth and glucose storage

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17
Q

When guard cells are turgid are the stomata open or closed

A

Open
(When they are turgid they have lots of water so swell up and curve away from each other so open the stomata)
When they are flaccid (lack of water) the stomata close

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18
Q

Is a leaf a cell, tissue or organ

A

Organ

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19
Q

True or false, layers of cells in a plant are tissues e.g the upper epidermis is a tissue

A

True
(Tissue = group of cells with similar structure and function)

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20
Q

What colour does iodine turn to if starch is present

A

Blue/ black

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21
Q

What colour is iodine solution

A

Orange

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22
Q

How many test tubes do you need for the enzymes RPA (effect of analyse on PH)

A

3
(One for starch solution, one for analyse solution, one for buffer PH solution)

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23
Q

What equipment do you need for the effect of enzymes (analyse) on PH RPA

A

Spotting tile
3 test tubes
Stirring rod
Iodine solution
2cm cubed buffer solution with different PH
2cm cubed analyse solution
2 cm cubed starch solution
Water bath at 30 degrees
Stopwatch

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24
Q

First stage of effect of enzymes on PH RPA

A

Take a spotting stile and use a pipette to add one drop of iodine solution (orange) to each well (hole)

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25
Q

What do you do once each well in the spotting tile had a drop of iodine solution in

A

Take 3 test tubes and use a pipette to measure 2cm cubed of starch solution, analyse solution and buffer PH solution and add each different solution to each test tube

26
Q

What temperature should the water bath be for enzymes RPA

A

30 degrees

27
Q

Why do the test tubes for enzymes RPA need to be placed in a 30 degree water bath for 10 mins

A

Allows them all to reach the correct temperature so analyse enzymes are at optimum temperature to react and therefore it is only the PH that effects the reaction, not temperature

28
Q

What is a tumour

A

Lump of cells formed by uncontrolled cell division and growth.

29
Q

A tumour is a lump of cells formed by

A

Uncontrolled cell division and growth

30
Q

What is a carcinogen

A

Chemical/ other agent that causes cancer

31
Q

Name for chemical/ other agent that causes cancer

A

Carcinogen

32
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous

A

Malignant

33
Q

Which type of tumour isn’t cancerous

A

Benign

34
Q

Which type of tumour invades other parts of the body

A

Malignant

35
Q

Describe a malignant tumour

A

Type of tumour formed by uncontrolled cell division that grows quickly and invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream (is cancerous)

36
Q

How can a malignant tumour spread to other parts of the body

A

Bloodstream

37
Q

Describe a benign tumour

A

Not cancerous. Formed from uncontrolled cell division but grows slowly, doesn’t invade other parts of the body and can easily be removed

38
Q

Where does a benign tumour usually grow

A

Within the cell membrane

39
Q

What type of process causes the cells that form a tumour to divide

A

Mitosis

40
Q

Where is bile produced, stored and added

A

Produced by liver, stored in gall bladder, added to small intestine

41
Q

2 functions of bile (produced in liver, stored in gall bladder, added to small intestine)

A

Emulsifies fats- breaks them down into smaller molecules to increase surface area for lioase enzymes to work on
Neutralises acid from stomach- creates optimum ph for enzymes

42
Q

2 key adaptations of xylem

A

Thick walls strengthened by lignin to stop water bursting through
Made of dead cells joined together with no end walls to form a continuous hollow tube

43
Q

2 adaptations of phloem

A

Companion cells attach to each sieve plate to provide energy for transportation of dissolved sugars
Made up of sieve tubes

44
Q

What are the 4 food tests

A

Iodine (starch) orange to black/ blue
Benedict’s (glucose) blue to red
Biuret (protein) blue to purple
Ethanol (fats) colourless to cloudy

45
Q

What is used to test for protein

A

Biuret solution

46
Q

What is used to test for glucose

A

Benedicts solution

47
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

48
Q

What is used to test for fats

A

Ethanol

49
Q

Colour change of Biuret solution if protein is present

A

Blue to purple

50
Q

Colour change of iodine solution if starch is present

A

Orange to blue/ black

51
Q

Colour change of Benedict’s solution if glucose is present

A

Blue to red

52
Q

Colour change of ethanol if fats are present

A

Colourless to cloudy

53
Q

If what is present ethanol will turn from what to what

A

Fats, colourless, cloudy

54
Q

If what is present Benedicts solution will turn from what to what

A

Glucose, blue, red

55
Q

If what is present iodine will then from what to what

A

Starch, orange, blue/ black

56
Q

If what is present biuret solution will turn from what to what

A

Protein, blue, purple

57
Q

Function of epithelial tissue in stomach

A

Covers inside and outside of stomach

58
Q

What is a stent

A

Mesh like cage that inflates in order to open up the coronary artery to allow more blood carrying oxygen to flow and be supplied to the heart
Risk of infection and blood clotting

59
Q

What is a statin

A

Drugs that reduce cholesterol levels to reduce build up of fatty deposits in coronary arteries making room for more blood to flow through so more oxygen can be supplied to the heart
No need for surgery, may have side effects like headaches and sickness

60
Q

Which arteries supply oxygen for respiration

A

Coronary arteries

61
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscle wall and why

A

Left ventricle
To pump the blood away from the heart at a high pressure to get the whole way round the body

62
Q

Generally do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

Oxygenated to get to the rest of the body (except the pulmonary artery)

GCSE Biology (15 decks)

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