organisation

Question 1

what is a cell

Answer 1

basic units of life

Question 2

what is a tissue

Answer 2

group of cells that work together to perform a particular function

Question 3

what is an organ

Answer 3

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

Question 4

what is an organ system

Answer 4

a group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

Question 5

what is an organism

Answer 5

a group of organ systems that work together to perform a particular function

Question 6

what is digestion

Answer 6

breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules with the aid of an enzyme so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 7

what are the types of tissue in the stomach and explain

Answer 7

glandular tissues - produces hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
muscle tissue- contract and relax to mix and propel food through the stomach
epithelial tissue- helps to protect the stomach lining from the harsh acidic environment

Question 8

explain the process of digestion

Question 9

what are enzymes

Answer 9

protein molecules that act as biological catalysts

Question 10

what are the types of enzymes

Answer 10

amylase, protease, lipase

Question 11

what does amylase break down and the product after

Answer 11

starch into simple sugars

Question 12

what does protease break down and the product after

Answer 12

proteins into amino acids

Question 13

what does lipase break down and the after product

Answer 13

lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 14

where is the amylase produced and where does it work

Answer 14

produced- saliva, pancreas, small intestine.
works in- mouth, small intestine

Question 15

where is the protease produced and where does it work

Answer 15

produced- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
works in - stomach, small intestine

Question 16

where is the lipase produced and where does it work

Answer 16

produced- pancreas, small intestine
works in small intestine

Question 17

what is the active site

Answer 17

this is where the substrate attaches to

Question 18

what is a substrate

Answer 18

molecule the enzyme breaks down

Question 19

describe the lock and key theory

Answer 19

enzymes are specific and the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site and they have to be complementary

Question 20

where is bile made and where is it stored

Answer 20

made- liver
stored- gallbladder

Question 21

what is the role of bile

Answer 21

neutralise stomach acid, emulsifies lipids

Question 22

what is the effect of temperature on enzymes

Answer 22

as we increase the temperature, enzyme activity increases but if the temperature is increased past the optimum temp, enzyme activity rapidly drops to zero and active site is denatured.

Question 23

how does ph affect enzyme activity

Answer 23

if conditions are too acidic or alkaline, enzyme activity drops to zero and active site denatures

Question 24

what do you use to test for starch and what is the positive test

Answer 24

iodine
positive test- blue/black

Question 25

what do you use to test for simple sugars and what is the positive test

Answer 25

benedicts positive test- green(small sugar) yellow(more sugar) red(lots of sugar)

Question 26

what do you use to test for proteins and what is the positive test

Answer 26

biurett positive test- purple/lilac

Question 27

what do you use to test for lipids and what is the positive test

Answer 27

Sudan III positive test- mixture will seperate in two layers. top layer will be be bright red

Question 28

what is blood

Answer 28

a tissue that transports substances around the body

Question 29

what are the four components of the blood

Answer 29

white blood cell, red blood cell, plasma, platelets

Question 30

what do white blood cells do

Answer 30

they can defend against pathogens and have a nucleus . they can engulf microorganisms and digest them . produce antibodies . produce antitoxins

Question 31

what are red blood cells and features

Answer 31

transport oxygen around the body. has haemoglobin which carries or binds with oxygen (oxy haemoglobin) . biconcave shape to give them a large surface area for absorbing oxygen

Question 32

what is plasma

Answer 32

liquid part of the blood that carries everything

Question 33

what are platelets

Answer 33

small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot and prevents excessive bruising and bleeding

Question 34

what is the heart

Answer 34

an organ that pumps blood around the body

Question 35

what are the four chambers of the heart

Answer 35

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Question 36

what is the role of the vein and it's features

Answer 36

carry blood to the heart. wide lumen, thin walls, valves, low blood pressure, valves, less connective tissues

Question 37

what is the role of the arteries and it's features

Answer 37

carry blood away from the heart. high pressure, thick walls, thick layers of elastic tissue, narrow lumen, connective tissue

Question 38

what is the role of capillaries

Answer 38

exchange substances with cells, one cell thick, short diffusion path

Question 39

describe the blood pathway

Answer 39

way of blood through the heart Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via the vena cava, emptying into the right atrium Blood flows down through a set of valves into the right ventricle. When the ventricles contract, blood travels up through the pulmonary artery to the nearby lungs where gas exchange occurs (and the blood becomes oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, emptying into the left atrium. Blood flows down through a set of valves into the left ventricle. When the ventricles contract, blood travels up through the aorta, and to the rest of the body

Question 40

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right

Answer 40

it pumps blood at high pressure around the body.

Question 41

what is the role of the valves

Answer 41

to prevent the backflow of the blood.

Question 42

what is the pacemaker

Answer 42

a group of cells found in the right atrium that regulates heart rate.

Question 43

what are cardiovascular diseases

Answer 43

diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Question 44

what are the coronary arteries

Answer 44

supply oxygen to the heart muscle

Question 45

briefly describe coronary heart disease

Answer 45

build up of fat in the coronary arteries which narrows the lumen and restricts blood flow through the arteries resulting in lack of oxygen to the heart muscle

Question 46

what are communicable diseases

Answer 46

they can spread from one person to another

Question 47

what are non communicable disease

Answer 47

they cannot spread from one person to another

Question 48

mention two treatments for coronary heart disease

Answer 48

statins and stents

Question 49

what are statins and give pros and cons

Answer 49

drugs that lower your (bad) cholestrol. you have to take it for the rest of your life. side effects like liver probelms,

Question 50

what are stents and give pros and cons

Answer 50

a wire mesh inserted into your arteries to widen the lumen and open it up. doesn't treat the root cause of the problem. risk of blood clots. improved blood flow

Question 51

what are the role of valves

Answer 51

to prevent the backflow of blood

Answer 52

is