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Biology Year 10 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Principles of Organisation

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living organism

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2
Q

Principles of Organisation

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells with a similar structure and function working together.

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3
Q

Principles of Organisation

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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4
Q

Principles of Organisation

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

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5
Q

The human digestive system

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion.

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6
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

These are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes.

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7
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of the stomach?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function.

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8
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of the small intestine?

A

The site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of the liver?

A

Produces bile which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.

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10
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces.

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11
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reactions without being used up.

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12
Q

The human digestive system

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate.

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13
Q

The human digestive system

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme substrate complex

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14
Q

The human digestive system

How does temperature affect anzyme action?

A

Up to a certain, increasing temperature increases the enzyme action, as molecules have a higher kinetic energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured, so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. The optimum temperature is around 37.

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15
Q

The human digestive system

How does pH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7. If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

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16
Q

The human digestive system

Where are carbohydrase, lipase and protease produced in the body?

A
  • Carbohydrase - salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
  • Protease - stomach, pancreas and small intestine
  • Lipase - pancreas and small intestine
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17
Q

The human digestive system

What are the roles of carbohydrase, protease and lipase?

A
  • Carbohydrase (amylase) breaks down carbohydrates (starch) into glucose
  • Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids
  • Lipase breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
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18
Q

The human digestive system

How are the products of digestion used?

A

They are used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and protein.
Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration.

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19
Q

The human digestive system

What is the role of bile?

A
  • Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach
  • Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on
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20
Q

The heart and blood vessels

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues, and removes waste substances.

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21
Q

The heart and blood vessels

Why is it referred to as a double circulatory system?

A
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
  • One pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues
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22
Q

The heart and blood vessels

Where is blood pumped by the left and right ventricle go to?

A
  • Right goes to the lungs
  • Left goes to the body tissues
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23
Q

The heart and blood vessels

Why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body.

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24
Q

The heart and blood vessels

What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A
  • Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
  • Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
  • Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
  • Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs
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25
# The heart and blood vessels What is the purpose of the valves?
Prevent the backflow of blood
26
# The heart and blood vessels What is the purpose of coronary arteries?
Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
27
# The heart and blood vessels Describe the process of blood flow through the heart.
- Blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava, and the left atrium through the pulmonary vein - The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing the valves to shut - After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body)
28
# Blood What are the three types of blood vessels and what do they do?
* Veins- take blood to the heart * Arteries- take blood away from the heart * Capilleries- enable transfer of substances between blood and tissues
29
# Blood How are arteries adapted?
* Thick muscle layer- adds strength to resist high pressure * Thick elastic layer- allows arteries to stretch and recoil in order to withstand high pressure
30
# Blood How are veins adapted?
* Wide lumen- enables low pressure * Valves- prevent the backflow of blood
31
# Blood How are capillaries adapted?
* Walls are one cell thick- short diffusion path * Permeable walls- substances can diffuse across * Narrow lumen- blood moves slowly- more time for diffusion
32
# Blood How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
Volume of blood / number of minutes
33
# Blood What is plasma?
* a yellow liquid that carries the different components of blood around the body, substances such as: - red and white blood cells - platelets - carbon dioxide - urea - products of digestion
34
# Blood What are red blood cells?
Cells that transport blood around the body. adaptations: - Biconcave shape- increased surafce area to volume ratio - No nucleus- more room for haemogoblin to bind to oxygen - Contain haemogoblin- binds to oxygen
35
# Blood What are white blood cells?
They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens. adaptations: - have a nucleus- contains DNA which codes for proteins - can produce antibodies and antitoxins - can engulf and digest pathogens
36
# Blood What are platelets?
Small cell frgaments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound. This is important because trapping red blood cells in the fibrin network forms a clot, which prevents excessive bleeding.
37
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What is Coronary Heart Disease?
Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material. This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.
38
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are stents?
A metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open. The stent is inflated with a balloon, which is later removes to allow blood to flow freely
39
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the advantages and disadvantages of stents?
Advantages: - Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic - Quick recovery time - Lowers the risk of a heart attack Disadvantages: - Risk of infection - Risk of blood clots
40
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are statins?
Drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholestoral which contributes to the development of CHD
41
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins?
Advantages: - reduces risk of strokes, heart attacks and CHD - increases the level of HDL (good) cholestoral Disadvantages: - have to be taken continuously - may have side effects - effect may not be immediate
42
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What is a heart bypass surgery?
A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.
43
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?
Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die.
44
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What type of valves can replace leaky valves?
- Mechanical- made of metal or polymers - Biological- taken from animals
45
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical heart valves?
Advantages: - Lasts a very long time Disadvantages: - Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around the valve
46
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological heart valves?
Advantages: - Works very well- no medication required Disadvantages: - Only lasts 12-15 years
47
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are artifical hearts?
Artificial hearts are intended to support a patients heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart
48
# CHD- a non-communicable disease What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Advantages: - Less likely to be rejected - Allows damaged hearts to rest to help recovery Disadvantages: - Risk of infection - Risk of blood clots - Have to take blood-thinning drugs
49
# Health issues What is health?
The state of physical and mental well-being
50
# Health issues How can diet affect health?
* Too little food / lack of nutrition - anaemia, vitamin deficiencies * Too much food / too much unhealthy food - obesity, type 2 diabetes
51
# Health issues How can stress affect health?
Prolonged stress is linked to a wide range of different health problems including heart diseases, cancers and mental health problems.
52
# Health issues How can life situations affect health?
Many life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and healthcare provision can impact a persons mental or physical health.
53
# The effect of lifestyle on some non-communicable diseases What is a risk factor?
An aspect of a persons lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of disease.
54
# Cancer What is cancer?
Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.
55
# Cancer What is a benign tumour?
- a tumour that is contained in one location - they are not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body - can grow very quickly - may cause damage to another organ
56
# Cancer What is malignant tumour?
- a tumour that can spread around the body via the blood and lymphatic system - can invade other tissues (metastasis) - cells divide more rapidly and have a longer lifespan - disrupts healthy tissues and can lead to death
57
# Cancer Give examples of risk factors that which can lead to cancer.
- Genetics - Smoking - Obesity - Ionising radiation - Viral infection
58
# Plant tissues How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function?
Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant. It has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface.
59
# Plant tissues How is palisade mesophyll tissue adpated for its fuction?
Palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.
60
# Plant tissues How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?
Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air spaces which allows gases to diffuse in and out.
61
# Plant tissues How is the xylem adapted for its function?
- Made up of dead cells which form a continous hollow tube - allows the movement of mineral ions and water from the roots to the leaves - Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and water proof - has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported to specific places
62
# Plant tissues How is the phloem adapted for its fuction?
- made up of elongated living cells - cells have sieve plates that connect them together - cell sap can move through plates into other cells - Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow the efficient transport of substances
63
# Plant tissues How is meristem tissue adapted for its function?
Made up of stem cells which can differentiate into many different cell types, allowing the plant to grow.
64
# Plant tissues and Plant organ system What tissues do the leaf organ contain?
- epidermis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll - xylem - phloem - guard cells
65
# Plant organ system What do the guard cells do?
Control the opening and closing of the stomata
66
# Plant organ system How are stomata adapted for the function?
Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and water loss from the leaf. - more stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises water loss as this side is cooler and shaded - have guard cells
67
# Plant organ system How are root hair cells adapted to their function?
Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil. - Large surface area - maximises rate of absorption - Contains lots of mitochondria - release energy for active transport of mineral ions
68
# Plant organ system What is translocation?
The movement of dissolved sugars (glucose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant
69
# Plant organ system What is transpiration?
The evaportaion of water vapour from the surface of the plant
70
# Plant organ system How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?
Increasing the temperature increases the rate of transpiration - Higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of water
71
# Plant organ system How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?
Increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration. - High relative humidity will reduce the water vapour concentration gradient. The rate of evaporation will decrease.
72
# Plant organ system How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?
Increased wind increases the rate of transpiration. - Increased air movement lowers water vapour concentration outside of the leaf. This increase the water vapour concentration gradient.
73
# Plant organ system How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of transpiration. - The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more stomata open.

Biology Year 10 (5 decks)

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