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organisation Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What is muscular tissue’s function in the stomach?

A

Contracts and relaxes to churn food and digestive juices in the stomach together

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5
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

Secretes digestive juices that break down food through secretory cells

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6
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

Covers the inside and outside of the stomach

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7
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Secretes hormones to control blood sugar (insulin) and secretes enzymes which help digest food

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8
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for digestion?

A

Contains villi, has a good blood supply, and a short diffusion distance to blood vessels

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9
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates in the human diet?

A

Breaks down in glucose which is used in cellular respiration to provide energy for metabolic reactions in the body

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Simple sugars

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11
Q

What is the function of lipids in the human diet?

A

Energy storage

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12
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol

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13
Q

What is the function of proteins in the human diet?

A

They make up hormones, enzymes, and haemoglobin

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14
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

What is the food test for starch?

A

Iodine test (red –> blue-black)

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16
Q

What is the food test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution (blue –> brick red)

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17
Q

What is the food test for protein?

A

Biuret test (blue –> purple)

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18
Q

What is the food test for lipids?

A

Ethanol test (clear –> cloudy)

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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20
Q

How do enzymes work (using the lock and key theory)?

A

The enzyme has an active site complementary to the substrate, which binds and is then broken down into products

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21
Q

What is a human’s metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

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22
Q

What enzymes break down carbohydrates and where are they produced?

A

Carbohydrases, produced in the pancreas, small intestine, and salivary glands

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23
Q

What enzymes break down proteins, and where are they produced?

A

Proteases, produced in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine

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24
Q

What enzymes break down lipids, and where are they produced?

A

Lipases, produced in the pancreas and small intestines

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25
How does temperature affect enzyme action?
Rate of reaction increases with temperature until optimum temperature (around 37°C), after which enzymes start to denature
26
What is the optimum pH for amylase enzymes?
Relatively alkaline, around 7 or 8
27
What is the optimum pH level for pepsin?
Relatively acidic, around 2
28
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats and neutralizes acid in the stomach
29
What is the function of plasma in the blood?
Transports all blood cells and waste products around the body
30
What is the function of red blood cells in the blood?
Transporting oxygen from the lungs to the cells
31
How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function?
Biconcave shape, contain haemoglobin, no nuclei
32
What is the function of white blood cells in the body?
Form part of the body's immune system, defending against harmful microorganisms
33
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Blood clotting to stop wounds from bleeding
34
What is the function of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart
35
How are arteries structured to carry out their function?
Thick walls and small lumen
36
What is the function of veins?
To carry blood toward the heart
37
How are veins structured to carry out their function?
Thin walls, large lumen, and valves to prevent backflow
38
What is the function of capillaries?
Link arteries and veins, allow diffusion of substances
39
How are capillaries structured to carry out their function?
Walls are one cell thick
40
What is a double circulatory system?
A system where blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit
41
Why do humans need a double circulatory system?
Higher efficiency for oxygenated blood to reach body areas quickly
42
What is coronary heart disease?
Narrowing of coronary arteries, reducing oxygen to the heart
43
What is a stent?
A metal mesh placed in a coronary artery to keep it open
44
What is bypass surgery?
Replacing blocked coronary arteries with parts of vein from other body parts
45
What are statins?
Medications that reduce blood cholesterol levels
46
What is the natural pacemaker?
A group of cells in the right atrium that controls heart rhythm
47
What is an artificial pacemaker?
An electrical device that sends impulses to stimulate the heart to beat
48
What is the function of alveoli?
Allow diffusion of gases into the blood/lungs
49
How are alveoli adapted to carry out their function?
Good blood supply, one cell thick walls, spherical shape, large surface area
50
What is the function of a leaf's waxy cuticle layer?
Prevents excess water loss
51
What is the function of a plant's epidermal tissue layers?
Covers surfaces and protects the leaf
52
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer in a leaf?
Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
53
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer in a leaf?
Contains air spaces and chloroplasts for gas diffusion and photosynthesis
54
What is the function of stomata in a leaf?
Allow gases/water vapour to enter or exit the leaf
55
What is the function of guard cells in a leaf?
Control the opening and closing of stomata
56
What is translocation?
The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of a plant
57
What are uses of glucose in living organisms?
Cellular respiration, makes cellulose, can be converted into starch
58
What is transpiration?
The process by which plants lose water through stomata
59
What is the transpiration stream?
Water moves into root hair cells, up to the stem, and into leaves, replacing lost water
60
What factors increase the rate of transpiration in plants?
Higher temperatures, dry conditions, windy conditions, high light intensities
61
What adaptations do plants have to reduce transpiration rates?
Wilting, closing stomata, thick waxy cuticle layer
62
How can you measure transpiration rates?
Using a potometer to measure water uptake by a plant
63
What is health?
The state of physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing
64
What are possible risk factors for non-communicable diseases?
Diet, obesity, fitness levels, smoking, alcohol intake
65
What is a causal mechanism?
Something that explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
66
What is a tumour?
An abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth
67
What is a benign tumour?
Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place, usually membrane-bound
68
What is a malignant tumour?
Abnormal cell growths that spread around the body, often referred to as cancer
69
What are some possible causal links to cancer?
Genetics, carcinogens, ionising radiation
70
How can cancer be treated?
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
71
What can smoking during pregnancy lead to?
Premature births or stillbirths due to oxygen deprivation
72
How does smoking affect the lungs?
Tar build-up leads to COPD, cilia stop working, increasing infection risk
73
How can excessive alcohol intake affect the liver?
Can lead to liver cirrhosis and loss of vital functions
74
How can alcohol affect pregnancies?
Can result in stillbirths, premature births, or fetal alcohol syndrome

Biology (12 decks)

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