Organisation

Question 1

What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Define a tissue.

Answer 2

A group of similar cells working together

Question 3

What is an organ?

Answer 3

A group of different tissues working together

Question 4

What is an organ system?

Answer 4

A group of different organs working together

Question 5

What is the digestive system?

Answer 5

An organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb nutrients

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

Specialised proteins used in the digestive system; biological catalysts

Question 7

Describe the ‘lock and key model’ in relation to enzymes.

Answer 7

Enzyme function can be described as the ‘lock and key model’

Question 8

What happens when a substrate binds to an enzyme?

Answer 8

It binds to the active site on the enzymes

Question 9

What is enzyme denaturation?

Answer 9

When the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme

Question 10

What factors can denature enzymes?

Answer 10

High temperatures and the wrong pH

Question 11

What do carbohydrase enzymes break down?

Answer 11

Carbohydrates into simple sugars

Question 12

What is amylase?

Answer 12

A type of carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugars

Question 13

What do lipase enzymes break down?

Answer 13

Fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 14

What do protease enzymes break down?

Answer 14

Protein into amino acids

Question 15

Where is bile made and stored?

Answer 15

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Question 16

What is the function of bile?

Answer 16

Neutralises substances from the stomach and helps to emulsify fats

Question 17

What does iodine test for?

Answer 17

Starch (pale yellow to blue/black)

Question 18

What does Benedict’s test for?

Answer 18

Sugar (blue to brick red)

Question 19

What does Biuret reagent test for?

Answer 19

Protein (blue to purple)

Question 20

What does ethanol test for?

Answer 20

Fats (clear to cloudy)

Question 21

What components make up the circulatory system?

Answer 21

Arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart

Question 22

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Answer 22

Thick elastic walls and a small lumen

Question 23

What is unique about capillary walls?

Answer 23

They are only one cell thick, allowing short distance for diffusion

Question 24

What are the characteristics of veins?

Answer 24

Have valves, thinner and less elastic walls, and a larger lumen

Question 25

What are the main structures of the heart?

Answer 25

Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, valves, atria, and ventricles

Question 26

How is heart rate controlled?

Answer 26

By a group of cells that act as a pacemaker

Question 27

Where are pacemaker cells located?

Answer 27

In the right atrium

Question 28

What components are found in blood?

Answer 28

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

Question 29

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 29

Carry oxygen

Question 30

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 30

Destroy pathogens

Question 31

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 31

Clot the blood

Question 32

What is plasma?

Answer 32

The liquid part of the blood

Question 33

What happens in coronary heart disease?

Answer 33

Layers of fatty material build up, blocking the coronary arteries

Question 34

What is the effect of stents?

Answer 34

They keep coronary arteries open

Question 35

What do statins do?

Answer 35

Reduce blood cholesterol level

Question 36

What may happen to heart valves?

Answer 36

They may become faulty

Question 37

How can faulty heart valves be replaced?

Answer 37

Using biological or mechanical valves

Question 38

How can heart failure be treated?

Answer 38

Using artificial hearts or a heart transplant

Question 39

What is health?

Answer 39

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 40

What are the two types of diseases that cause ill health?

Answer 40

Communicable and non-communicable diseases

Question 41

What factors can affect physical and mental health?

Answer 41

Diet, stress, life situations

Question 42

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 42

Diseases that cannot be transmitted and are not caused by pathogens

Question 43

What are examples of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 43

Diabetes, heart disease, cancer

Question 44

What are risk factors?

Answer 44

Linked to an increased chance of getting a disease

Question 45

Give an example of a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Answer 45

Obesity

Question 46

What is one effect of smoking?

Answer 46

It increases risk of lung disease and lung cancer

Question 47

What are carcinogens?

Answer 47

Substances that increase the risk of cancer

Question 48

What causes cancer?

Answer 48

Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth and division

Question 49

What are benign tumors?

Answer 49

Tumors surrounded by a membrane that do not invade other parts of the body

Question 50

What are malignant tumors?

Answer 50

Cancerous cells that can spread and form secondary tumors

Question 51

What plant tissues are found in a leaf?

Answer 51

Epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem, and stomata

Question 52

What is the function of root hair cells?

Answer 52

Increase surface area for uptake of water and minerals

Question 53

What do stomata and guard cells control?

Answer 53

Gas exchange and water loss

Question 54

What does phloem transport?

Answer 54

Dissolved sugars up and down the plant

Question 55

What is translocation?

Answer 55

Movement of food molecules through phloem tissue

Question 56

What does xylem transport?

Answer 56

Water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

Question 57

What is transpiration?

Answer 57

Loss of water at the leaves by evaporation