Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
What changes occur when a cell differentiates?
A
- It may change shape
2. Different sub cellular structures develop to let it carry out a specific function
2
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of a sperm cell? [4]
A
- Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy through respiration for their journey
- Tail=> propels sperm to fertilise the egg
- Acrosome=> contains enzymes to allow sperm to penetrate the outer layer of the egg
- Nucleus=> contains only one set of chromosomes
3
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of a muscle cell? [2]
A
- Protein fibres=> allows for contraction
2. Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy for contraction
4
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of a nerve cell? [2]
A
- Long Axon=> allows electrical impulses to be transmitted around the body
- Dendrites=> increase surface area so can connect to other nerve cells easily to transmit impulses
5
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of a red blood cell? [2]
A
- Lack of organelles=> more room for haemoglobin
2. Bi-concave shape=> increased surface area for oxygen absorption
6
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of Xylem? [2]
A
- Made up of dead cells forming a long hollow tube
- strengthened by lignin
- to transport water from roots to leaves (one way)
7
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of Phloem?
A
- Arranged end to end forming tubes=> allows sugar through
- contains companion tubes
- Transports sugar around the plant
8
Q
What are the adaptations and functions of Root hair cells? [2]
A
- Many Mitochondrion=> provides energy for active transport of minerals
- Long projection=>increase the surface area to absorb water and minerals
9
Q
Muscular tissue
A
Contracts to allow movement
10
Q
Glandular tissue
A
Produces substances such as enzymes and hormones
11
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Covers organs
12
Q
Muscular tissue (in the stomach)
A
Churns the food
13
Q
Glandular tissue (in the stomach)
A
Produces digestive juices
14
Q
Epithelial tissue (in the stomach)
A
Covers the outside and inside of the stomach
15
Q
Tissue
A
A group of cells with a similar structure and function which work together to do a job
16
Q
Organ
A
A group of tissues which work together to preform a specific job
17
Q
Organ system
A
A group of organs working together to do a particular job
18
Q
Organism
A
A group of organ systems working together
19
Q
What is the role of an Enzyme? [2]
A
- A biological Catalyst
2. Speeds up chemical reactions without taking part
20
Q
What are the properties of an Enzyme? [3]
A
- Large protein
- Catalyse specific reactions
- Work best at a optimum pH and Temperature
21
Q
The ‘Lock and key theory’? [3]
A
- Enzymes have a specific active site (lock)
- Chemical called a substrate (key) binds to a specific enzyme active site
- The reaction is catalysed and products are released
22
Q
What is denaturing? [2]
A
- Extreme pH and/or temperature causes the active site of the enzyme to change shape
- Substrates can no longer fit inside=> reactions cannot be catalysed
23
Q
What do digestive enzymes do? [3]
A
- Pass out of cells into digestive system to make contact with food molecules
- Break down large molecules into smaller molecules
- These can now be absorbed into the bloodstream
24
Q
What are the 3 digestive enzymes?
A
- Amylase
- Protease
- Lipase
25
Where is Amylase produced?
1. Salivary glands
2. Pancreas
3. Small intestine
26
Where and in what conditions is Protease produced?
1. Stomach=> hydrochloric acid (acidic condition)
2. Pancreas
3. Small intestine
27
Where and in what conditions is Lipase produced?
1. Pancreas
| 2. Small intestine (Bile=>alkaline condition)
28
What does Amylase do?
Starch=> sugars
29
What does Protease do?
Protein=> Amino acids
30
What does Lipase do?
Lipids=> glycerol and fatty acids
31
In what ways does Bile help enzyme digestion? [2]
1. Neutralises hydrochloric acid from stomach=> optimum pH for enzymes
2. Emulsifies large fat droplets to smaller fat droplets=> larger surface area for enzymes to work on
32
Where is Bile produced? [2]
1. Produced in the liver
| 2. Stored in the gall bladder
33
What is blood? [2]
1. A tissue
| 2. Made of a liquid called plasma
34
What are the functions and adaptations of Plasma? [2]
1. Transports dissolved substances around the body, e.g. Glucose, antibodies, urea
2. Liquid => blood cells can float
35
What are the functions and adaptations of Red blood cells? [3]
1. Transports oxygen around the body
2. No nucleus, bi-concave shape
3. Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
36
What are the functions and adaptations of White blood cells?
1. Changes shape=>Ingests pathogens
2. Release antibodies
3. Releases antitoxins
37
Platelets
Fragments of cells=> collect at wounds=> Helps blood clot
38
What are the adaptations and functions of Arteries?
Thick muscular walls=> withstand high pressure=> carries blood away from the heart
39
What are the adaptations and functions of Veins?
1. Thin walls and wider lumen=> carries blood to heart
| 2. Valves prevent black flow of blood
40
What are the adaptations and functions of Capillaries?
1. Thin walls one cell thick=> quick diffusion
| 2. Transports substances from the blood to the cells
41
Why is the heart called a double pump?
1. Left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body
| 2. Right ventricle pumps blood to where gas exchange occurs
42
What is the job of the left side of the heart?
Pumps oxygenated blood to rest of the body=> glucose+ oxygen to cells
43
What is the job of the right hand side of the heart?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it collects oxygen
44
Why is the left hand side thicker than the right hand side
1. It has to pump blood around the body
| 2. At high pressures
45
What is the job of values in the veins?
Prevents backflow of blood
46
What is the job of values in the veins?
Prevents backflow of blood
47
Left side of the heart [4]
1. Oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein
2. Into left atrium and left ventricle
3. Out of the aorta
4. To the body cells where substances such as oxygen and glucose are delivered to the cells
48
Right side of the heart [4]
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the vena cava
2. Into the right atrium and right ventricle
3. Out of the pulmonary artery
4. To lungs where it collects oxygen and becomes oxygenated blood
49
How is the resting heart beat controlled?
By a group of cells in the right atrium acting as a pacemaker
50
What are the adaptations and functions of alveoli? [3]
1. Large, moist surface area
2. Very rich blood supply=> concentration gradient
3. Close to capillaries=> short diffusion distance
- Exchanges oxygen and Co2
51
Describe the route of oxygen through the lung? [4]
1. Air travels through nasal cavity to the trachea
2. They travel through one of two bronchi
3. These divide to bronchioles
4. They then exchange in the alveoli
52
What are the adaptations of the trachea?
1. They have rings of cartilage to prevent collapse
53
What are the consequences of Coronary Heart Disease? [4]
1. Layers of fatty material build up in coronary arteries
2. Blood vessels become narrow
3. reduce blood flow
4. Lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
54
How do Stents work? [2]
1. Keep artery open
| 2. Blood can pass through
55
How do Statins work? [2]
1. Reduce blood cholesterol level
| 2. Slow down build up of fatty material
56
How do Artificial pacemakers work?
1. Corrects irregularities in heart rate
57
What are the advantages of Stents? [4]
1. Will remain in place for a long time
| 2. Rapid recovery time
58
What are the disadvantages of Stents? [3]
1. Risk of infection from procedure
2. Risk of surgery, e.g. heart attack
3. Risk of blood clot
59
What are the advantages of Statins?
1. No need for invasive procedure
60
What are the disadvantages of Statins?
1. Regular dosage of drugs required
2. Side effects of drugs
3. Takes awhile for effects of drugs to happen
61
What are the advantages of Artificial pacemakers?
Improves quality work and length of life
62
What are the disadvantages of Artificial pacemakers?
Regular medical check-ups required
63
Describe Inhalation [6]
1. Air is drawn into the lungs
2. Ribs move upwards and out
3. Volume of the chest increases
4. Pressure inside the chest decreases
5. Intercostal muscles contracts
6. Diaphragm flattens
64
Describe Exhalation [6]
1. Air is forced out of the lungs
2. Ribs move downwards and in
3. Volume of the chest decreases
4. Pressure inside the chest increases
5. Intercostal muscles relax
6. Diaphragm moves upwards
65
Non communicable disease
Non communicable diseases cannot be spread between organisms
66
Casual Mechanism
Explains how one factor influences another biological process
67
What are the effects of exercising? [3]
1. More muscle tissue=> increases metabolic rate
2. Reduces risk of developing arthritis, high blood pressure and diabetes
3. Lowers cholesterol level
68
Benign tumours
Growth of abnormal cells which stay in one area within a membrane
69
Malignant tumours [3]
1. invade neighbouring tissues
2. Spread to different parts in the blood (secondary tumours)
3. Cancer cells live longer
70
What are the causes of cancer? [2]
1. Genetic and lifestyle risk
| 2. Uncontrollable cell growth and mitosis
71
What are the effects of ionising radiation? [3]
1. Ionising radiation is a carcinogen that can cause cancer
2. Radiation penetrates the cell
3. Causing mutation
72
What is the function of the Epidermis?
Covers the outer surfaces of the plant for protection
73
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf
74
What is the function of spongy mesophyll?
Air gaps between cells allow gasses to diffuse
75
Describe the route of water in a plant [2]
1. Water and minerals are transported up xylem
| 2. At the leaves most of the water evaporates and diffuses through the stomata (Transpiration)
76
What are the factors affecting rate of transpiration?
1. Increase in temperature=> more energy to the water=> evaporation
2. Faster air flow (wind)=> blows away water vapour=> allowing more to evaporate
3. Increase light intensity=> stomata open
4. Increase humidity=> reduces concentration gradient slowing transpiration
77
Why do stomata close at night?
Carbon dioxide is not needed for photosynthesis so Stomata are closed to prevent water loss
78
How do Stomata open?
1. Guard cells absorb water when plentiful
2. This causes them to bend
3. Gases are allowed in and out for photosynthesis and water for transpiration
79
Why are stomata usually found on the bottom of a leaf?
The sun doesn't directly shine on it, reducing water loss
80
What is translocation? [2]
1. Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
2. The movement of food is translocation
