Organisation

Question 1

explain gas exchange in the alveoli?

Answer 1

• blood passing through the alveoli contains a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen
• oxygen diffuses out from the alveolus into the blood (high to low concentration)
  OXYGEN OUT of the alveolus
  CARBON DIOXIDE IN the alveolus

Question 2

food test for lipids?

Answer 2

• food sample into test tube
• and sudan III stain soloution
• gently shake
• solution will separate into two layers
  RED TOP LAYER

Question 3

test for protein?

Answer 3

• food sample into a test tube
• add biuret solution
  -gently shake
  BLUE ——-> PINK/PURPLE

Question 4

food test for starch?

Answer 4

• food sample into test tube
• add IODINE SOLUTION and gently shake
  BROWNY ORANGE —-> BLACK/BLUE

Question 5

food test for sugars?

Answer 5

Benedict solution - test tube with food sample and benedict solution into water bath.
BLUE ——-> BRICK RED

Question 6

where is bile stored? produced?and released ?

Answer 6

produced: liver
stored: gall bladder
released: small intestine

Question 7

what is the purpose of bile?

Answer 7

• neutralises stomach acid

- breaks fat down into tiny droplets

Question 8

LIPASE:

Answer 8

LIPIDS ——–> fatty acids and glycerol

Question 9

PROTEASE:

Answer 9

PROTEIN ——> amino acids

Question 10

AMYLASE:

Answer 10

found in - salivary glands - pancreas - small intestine

STARCH ——–> maltose

Question 11

what are CARBOHYDRASE ?

Answer 11

one example of a carbohydrase is amylase.

CARBOHYDRATES ——-> simple sugars

Question 12

what is the equation for rate?

Answer 12

rate= 1000/time

Question 13

what are enzymes ?

Answer 13

enzymes are biological catalyst

Question 14

similar cells are organised into _____

Answer 14

tissue

Question 15

different tissue is a ______

Answer 15

organ

Question 16

organs are organised into ______

Answer 16

organ systems

Question 17

what is the purpose of valves?

Answer 17

valves avoid blood flowing backwards - 4 chambers

Question 18

how does blood flow through the heart ?

Answer 18

1) blood flow into the atria from the vena cave and pulmonary vein
2) atria contract to prevent backwards flow
3) ventricles contract so blood goes into the pulmonary artery
4) aorta
5) through the organs through the arteries and return through the veins

Question 19

what are the three different types of blood vessels ?

Answer 19

ARTERIES: carry blood AWAY
CAPILLARIES: involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
VEINS: carry blood TO the heart

Question 20

ARTERIES:

Answer 20

• pump blood out at high pressure
• thick walls
• thick layer of muscle (elastic/stretch)

Question 21

CAPILLARIES:

Answer 21

• walls are one cells thick
• small lumen (hole down the middle)
• exchange substances with in cells in the body
• permeable walls so diffusion can take place
• supply food and oxygen, take away wast (carbon dioxide)

Question 22

VEINS:

Answer 22

• lower pressure so has thinner walls than arteries
• large lumen
  valves to avoid back flow

Question 23

what are red blood cells ?

Answer 23

• carry oxygen around the body
• large surface area
• contain haemoglobin

Question 24

what are white blood cells?

Answer 24

• they defend against infection
• they can engulf unwanted microorganisms
• produce antibodies
• have a nucleus

Question 25

what are platelets?

Answer 25

- help blood clot - have no nucleus - lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding or bruising

Question 26

what is plasma ?

Answer 26

- carries red, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, glucose, amino acids, hormones and protein - urea from the liver to the kidneys

Question 27

what are effects of coronary heart disease?

Answer 27

- coronary arteries get clogged up by fatty materials - causes arteries to narrow and become restricted so there is a lack of oxygen - can lead to heart attacks

Question 28

how can you help open arteries?

Answer 28

STENTS they are tubes that are inserted inside the arteries they make sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles and lower the risk or heart attacks however there can be complications such as infection or blood clots

Question 29

how can cholesterol in the blood be reduced?

Answer 29

STATINS | it is a drug that reduces cholesterol present in the blood stream and slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

Question 30

what is a communicable disease?

Answer 30

a disease that can spread between people (or animals) - contagious eg. Malaria or Measles

Question 31

what is a pathogen ?

Answer 31

a microorganism that cause a disease

Question 32

what are factors that can increase chance of getting disease?

Answer 32

- lifestyle - environment eg. air pollution - smoking / alcohol - lack of exercise

Question 33

what does the phloem transport?

Answer 33

food - dissolved sugars | TRANSLOCATION

Question 34

what does the xylem do?

Answer 34

takes water up carry water and minerals from root to stem and leaves TRANSPIRATION

Question 35

what is transpiration?

Answer 35

water loss from a plant caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface

Question 36

what effects the rate of transpiration?

Answer 36

- light intensity - temperature - air flow - humidity

Question 37

what can be used in an experiment for the rate of transpiration?

Answer 37

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