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AQA GCSE BIOLOGY > Organisation- heart blood vessels and blood > Flashcards

Organisation- heart blood vessels and blood Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the left ventricle have the thickest wall of all the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

LV has to contract to generate the largest force to move the blood from the LV to all over the body i.e. they have to move the blood over the largest distance and overcome the greatest resistance (friction)

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2
Q

What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?

A

prevent back flow of blood and ensure blood flows in one direction

also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs

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3
Q

What is the role/function of the plasma?

A

It is the liquid component of the blood that the cells are suspended in and chemicals are carried in

  • plasma carries:
  • red, white blood cells
  • platelets
  • glucose and amino acids
  • CO2
  • urea
  • hormones
  • proteins
  • anitbodies
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4
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

They have many alveoli

The alveoli have walls which are one cell thick

The alveoli are covered in a rich blood supply (many capillaries)

The lining of the alveoli is moist (to dissolve the gases)

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5
Q

Give 2 advantages of biological heart valves

A

No medication needs to be taken

They are fully effective

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6
Q

What are the 3 different roles/functions of white blood cells?

A

To produce antibodies

To produce antitoxins

To carry out phagocytosis (engulf bacteria or toxins and break them down into harmless products)

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7
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A system where the blood passes through the heart twice per full circuit around the body.

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8
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium

Contracts to generate a high force to move the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body.

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9
Q

Why does the right ventricle have thicker walls than the atria?

A

The RV has to contract to generate a larger force to move the blood from the RV to the lungs i.e. they have to move the blood over a larger distance and overcome a larger resistance (friction)

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10
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of biological heart valves

A

They usually need replacing after 15 years

There are ethical issues for some people e.g. is it right to use tissue from animals

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11
Q

Describe the chemical reaction that happens in the red blood cell in the lungs

A

haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

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12
Q

What is the role/function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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13
Q

How do cells become specialised?

A

The cells differentiate

This means they change in different ways:-

they change their shape e.g. sperm cell becomes streamlined and develops a flagellum (tail)
they change their cell contents e.g. produce specific proteins e.g. haemogobin in a RBC, mucus in a goblet cell
they change the number of certain cell organelles to become suited for a specific function e.g. pallisade mesophyll cells increase thier number fo chloroplasts
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14
Q

What are blood components?

A

These are parts of blood that have been separated from donated blood e.g. red blood cells platelets plasma

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15
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

To produce and secrete chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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16
Q

What happens to the heart valve when it becomes faulty?

A

The valve may not open fully (as they can become stiff)

The valve may develop a leak (which then allows blood to flow in both directions)

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17
Q

What are the 4 main components of blood?

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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18
Q

Define the term ‘organ system’

A

A group of organs working together to carry out specific functions

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19
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body back to the right atrium

The blood has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What are the 3 negatives/disadvantages of having a stent fitted?

A

There can be complications during surgery e.g. having a heart attack, reacting to the anaesthetic

There is a risk of a blood clot forming near the stent - this is called a thrombosis

If a thrombosis forms there is a risk of a stroke or heart attack or pulmonary embolism

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21
Q

How does coronary heart disease occur? Hint: 5 steps

A

Layers of fatty material build up INSIDE the coronary artery wall

This narrows the lumen of the coronary artery

This reduces the blood flow through the coronary srtery

This reduces the amount of oxygen & glucose delivered to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

This can cause a heart attack

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22
Q

Give an example of a cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary heart disease

Angina

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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23
Q

What are platelets and why are they important

A

-small fragments of cells which helps blood clot

they are important as they: prevent blood loss

prevent the entry of micro-organisms

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24
Q

Which type of blood vessels have smooth muscle and elastic fibres in their walls?

A

ONLY arteries and veins

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25
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells and remove all waste products from cells in a multi-cellular animal

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26
Q

Describe the structure of a red blood cell

Hint: Think of 3 facts

A

Biconcave shape

No nucleus (or mitochondria)

Contains a specialised protein called haemoglobin

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27
Q

Give 4 SCIENTIFIC arguments for the development of artificial hearts

A

Compensates for a shortage of biological donor hearts

Less likely to be rejected (as the metal and plastic is not recognised as foreign by the person’s immune system)

No need to tissue match

No need for immuno-suppressants to be taken by the patient for the rest of their life

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28
Q

What is the name of the main vein in the human body?

A

Vena cava

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29
Q

What is the role/function of the capillaries?

A

To allow the exchange of nutrients (e.g. glucose and oxygen) from the plasma to the cells

To allow the removal of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide and urea from cells into the blood plasma

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30
Q

What is the name of the main artery in the human body?

A

Aorta

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31
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute e.g. saline

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32
Q

What are the 5 key features of any blood substitute?

A

They must not cause rejection

They must have a long shelf-life

They must be easy to store and transport

They must not transmit infections

They must be good are transporting oxygen

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33
Q

List the organs that make up the digestive system

A

Glands = pancreas & salivary glands

Stomach

Small intestine

Liver

Large intestine

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34
Q

What are the consequences (signs and symptoms) of a faulty heart valve?

A

A person becomes breathless easily (as they have low oxygen supply)

The person can die (as a result of insufficient oxygen)

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35
Q

Give 7 SCIENTIFIC arguments against the development of artificial hearts

A

Patients usually have to take anticoagulants to thin the blood and reduce the risk of clots

The device may wear out or the electric motor may fail

Surgery to fit an artificial heart can lead to bleeding & possible infection

There can be problems with the size of the artificial heart

Usually it is not a long term solution i.e. not a cure just a temporary solution

Surgery can result in bleeding and infection

Blood flow is not smooth and this can result in problems with blood clotting causing other medical problems e.g. stroke

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36
Q

What is the role/function of the ribcage?

A

To protect the heart and lungs

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37
Q

What is the purpose/function of the valves inside veins?

A

prevent the back flow of blood and ensure blood only flows in one direction

also prevent blood from pooling (collecting) in the lower limbs

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38
Q

What is the role/function of the veins?

describe the structure of veins

A

To carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

-capillaries join up to form veins- blood is at a lower pressure

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39
Q

What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?

A

Risks of infection (during and after surgery)

Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery

Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels

Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke

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40
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

mechanical device that is used to treat a person whose own heart has failed

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41
Q

What are the advantages of replacing a faulty heart valve? Hint 1: applies to BOTH biological and mechanical heart valves Hint 2: 5 steps

A

The new valve improves the circulation of blood

So more oxygen is delivered to the tissues

So more cell respiration can occur

So more energy is releases

And hence the person can lead a more active life again

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42
Q

What is the role/function of the arteries?

A

To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high blood pressure

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43
Q

What are the 3 disadvantages of taking statins?

A

They have to be taken long-term and regularly

They can cause side effects e.g. headaches, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss

Their effect is not immediate - the person has to take them for some time before any benefit is observed

44
Q

Describe the shape of a typical white blood cell Hint: think of 3 facts

A

Larger cells (larger than RBC and platelets)

May contain a large kidney bean shaped nucleus or may contain a lobed nucleus

45
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Contracts to generate a small force to move the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves

46
Q

Define the term ‘cardiovascular disease’

A

Disease that affect the heart or the blood vessels

47
Q

Give 4 disadvantages of mechanical (man-made) valves

A

increased risk of a blood clot forming

Open heart surgery is required to insert the mechanical valave

can’t be used for everyone e.g. if a person is still growing

48
Q

What are the 4 risks in ANY type of valve replacement?

A

Risks of infection (during and after surgery)

Risks of reaction to the anaesthetic during surgery

Possible clots forming leading to blocked blood vessels

Clots can result in a heart attack or stroke

49
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

rate of blood flow = volume of blood passed through a blood vessel divided by the number of minutes

50
Q

Describe capillaries and their function

A
  • arteries branch into capillaries
  • capillaries are tiny
  • carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances with them
  • have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
  • supply food and oxygen, take away CO2
  • walls are only one cell thick-increases diffusion
  • very small lumen
51
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit

A

The right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and then the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart

52
Q

How does a stent work?

A
  • pushes the artery wall open

- to restore blood flow and allow oxygen and glucose to be delivered to the cells

53
Q

Give 4 advantages of mechanical (man-made) valves

A

Last a long time ~20-30 years

Very effective

No need to replace the valve i.e. permanent fix

There are no ethical issues

54
Q

Why may a person need a blood transfusion?

A

After an accident which has caused SEVERE blood loss

55
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body

Contracts to generate a small force to move the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves (tricuspid valve)

56
Q

How can coronary heart disease be treated?

Hint: 2 methods

A

Stents

Statins

57
Q

Describe the systemic circuit

A

The left ventricle of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body (except the lungs) and then the deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart i.e. heart to body to heart

58
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm during ventilation?

A

The diaphragm contracts during inhalation so that the diaphragm flattens causing the volume of the thorax to increase

The diaphragm relaxes during exhalation so that the diaphragm becomes dome shaped causing the volume of the thorax to decrease

59
Q

Describe an artery?

A

-walls are thick

-contain elastic fibres that stretch and recoil when blood surges through
them

60
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

Contracts to generate a low force to move the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

–

75

61
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water

62
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide

63
Q

Give 3 possible causes of a faulty heart valve

A

Old age

Heart attack

Infection

64
Q

How can faulty heart valves be treated?

A

Replace the valve with either a biological heart valve or a mechanical valve

65
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure to the arteries of the circulatory system

The blood has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide

66
Q

What are the key structures in the thorax?

A

Rib cage

Heart

Lungs

Diaphragm

67
Q

What is the role/function of red blood cells?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cell and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

Hence red blood cells transport oxygen around the body

68
Q

Give 3 SOCIAL arguments against the development of artificial hearts

A

It is not natural

Inconvenience of having to carry a battery pack all the time

May have to remain in hospital therefore lifestyle is affected long term (possible loss of job etc)

69
Q

What is the role of the bronchioles?

A

To carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli

70
Q

What is the role/function of the trachea?

A

To carry air from the mouth to the bronchi

71
Q

What are the names of the four chamber of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

72
Q

How to statins work? Hint: think of 2 facts

A

They reduce blood cholesterol levels

This reduces the rate at which the fatty materials are deposited in the artery walls

73
Q

What is the difference between biological and mechanical valves?

A

Biological valves: usually taken from other humans or animals such as pigs and cattle

Mechanical valves: made of titanium and polymers i.e. man-made

74
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

To cover the inside and outside of certain organs e.g. stomach

75
Q

Which type of blood vessels have valves inside them?

A

Only veins

76
Q

What are statins and how are they effective

A

-drugs that reduce the amount of LDL (bad) cholestrol in the bloodstream

They reduce the LDLs in the blood and they increase the HDLs in the blood

77
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal mesh that can be inserted into an artery to keep the artery lumen open

78
Q

advantages of taking statins?

disadvantages of taking statins?

A

reduce the amount of LDLs in the blood

reduce the risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease

increase the amount of HDLs in the blood

  • long-term drug that must be taken regularly (risk someone might forget to take them)
  • can cause negative side effects
  • effect of statins isnt instant
79
Q

Why are the alveoli covered in a large network of capillaries?

A

To allow efficient gas exchange by maintaining a rich blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient

80
Q

Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of fresh, frozen plasma?

A

To treat patients who have suffered excessive blood loss

81
Q

What is the role/function of the bronchi?

A

To carry air from the trachea to the bronchioles

82
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

To contract to bring about movement of what the muscle is attached to

83
Q

What are the names of the two circuits in the double circulatory system in humans?

A

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

84
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

85
Q

Different blood components have different uses. What is the use of packed red blood cells?

A

To restore the oxygen carrying capacity in a patient who has anaemia or has suffered excessive blood loss

86
Q
  • advantages of artificial hearts

- disadvantages of artificial hearts

A
  • less likely to be rejected due to being made out of metal
  • not natural
  • can lead to bleeding and infection
  • may have to remain in hospital for a long time (could affect jobs)
87
Q

Advantages about stents?

Disadvantages about stents?

A
  • effective for a long time
  • recovery time from surgery is relatively quick
  • risk of complications
  • risk of infection from surgery
88
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

89
Q

What are HDLs?

A

They carry fat AWAY from the artery wall and DECREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall

Hint- Think: “H” = healthy

90
Q

What tissue is the heart made up from?

A

Cardiac muscle

91
Q

What are LDLs?

A

They carry fat TO the artery wall and INCREASE the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall

Hint -Think: “L” = lethal

92
Q

What are the 3 components (parts) of the circulatory system?

A

Heart

Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

Blood

93
Q

Place these chambers of the heart in order of the thickness of their wall (start with the thinnest wall) Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium

A

Right and left atria (thinnest)

Right ventricle (thicker)

Left ventricle (thickest)

94
Q

Why must faulty heart valves be replaced, for example if they become stiif or hardened as the person ages?

A

The faulty valve will reduce the amount of oxygenated blood leaving the heart

This means the heartwill have to beat faster so that it can supply sufficient oxygen to the cells

95
Q

Compare the composition (contents) of the blood in an artery and the blood in a vein

A

Blood in an artery has high levels of oxygen, a vein has low levels

Blood in an artery has high levels of glucose, a vein has low levels

Blood in an artery has low levels of carbon dioxide, a vein has high levels

Blood in an artery has low levels of lactic acid, a vein has high levels

96
Q

State 4 advantages of using artifical blood for a transfusion

A

No risk of rejection

There is an abundant supply

There is a lower risk of infection e.g. no risk of HIV

It has a longer shelf-life than human blood

97
Q

Name the blood vessel that supplies the cardiac (heart) muscle with oxygen and glucose

A

Coronary artery

98
Q

Describe what happens if the coronary artery becomes blocked (2)

A

The person may have a heart attack

As the cardiac muscle no longer recieves oxygen and glucose and so the heart tissue dies

99
Q

Describe the structure and function of red blood cells

A

Structure:

Biconcave disc- gives it large surface area

Appear smaller than white blood cells when observed under a light microscope

Have no nucleus

Function:

conatin haemoglobin to carry oxygen

100
Q

Describe the structure and function of lymphocytes

A

Structure:

Have very little cytoplasm
Have a large nucleus

Function:

Produce antitoxins
Produce antibodies
Produce memory cells to provide active immunity

101
Q

Describe the structure and function of phagocytes

A

structure:

Have a lobed nucleus
Nucleus looks C-shaped

Function:

carry out phagocytosis
engulf and break down pathogens

102
Q

Give 5 reasons why the alveoli are good exhange surfaces.

A 
have very good blood supply
They have thin walls
They are well ventilated
They have a large surface area
Their walls are permeable to gases
Their walls have a moist layer of surfactant
103
Q

Comare and contrast inhaled (inspired) and exhaled (expired) air.

A

Inhaled air has more oxygen in it

Inhaled air has less carbon dioxide in it

Inhaled air is cooler/has a lower temperature

Inhaled air has less water vapour

104
Q

Give examples of tissues?

A

muscular tissues
glandular tissues
epithelial tissues - inside of gut

105
Q

Give examples of an organ?

A

stomach
liver
small intestine

106
Q

Give an example of an organ system?

A

digestive system

107
Q

what is the natural resting heart rate is controlled by

A

a group of cells located

in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

AQA GCSE BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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