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Cells & Tissues > Organisation of The Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

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2
Q

What are the 11 systems of the Human body?

A

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Lymphatic & Immune, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive, Urinary

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3
Q

Chemical Structural Level

A

The building blocks of the body. eg. Atoms (smallest stable
units of matter) and
these joint to form
molecules (complex
shapes and activities)

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4
Q

Cellular Structural Level

A

Basic structural and functional
units of the body (~200 types). e.g. cardiac muscle cells

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5
Q

Tissue Structural Level

A

Tissues are groups of cells that work
together to perform a particular
function. 4 major classes: Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Nerve. e.g. Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Organ Structural Level

A

Organs are structures with specific
functions composed of two or more
types of tissue. Eg. Heart

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7
Q

System Level

A

A system consists of related organs
with a common function. e.g. Cardiovascular

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8
Q

Organismal Level

A

All the parts of the body function
together to constitute a living
organism. Eg. The individual

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9
Q

Some organs belong to more than one System

A

Eg. Pancreas; Digestive & Endocrine

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10
Q

What is the top level of the Integumentary System structure called?

A

Epidermis

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11
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protects; Covers surface
Protects; deeper tissues
Produces; Vitamin D Production

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12
Q

What is the mid layer of the Integumentary system?

A

Dermis
- Hair follicles
-Hairs
-Sebaceous glands
-Sweat glands (breast tissue is a modified sweat gland)
- Nails (epidermis & dermis)
-Sensory Receptors

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13
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

“feeds’ epidermis.
strength- glands
Sensation from innervation
Protection
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Stiffen and protect digits
Detects sensations: Touch; pressure,
temperature, pain

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14
Q

What is the bottom layer of the Integumentary system called?

A

Hypodermis

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15
Q

What does the hypodermis do?

A

Fat stores;
Attaches skin to deeper layers

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16
Q

Epidermis classification of epithelium?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

Dermis 2 layers?

A

Papillary Layer (areolar tissues)
Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

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18
Q

Hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia.

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19
Q

Cutaneous Membrane of integumentary

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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20
Q

Accessory Structures of integumentary

A

Hair shaft, pore of sweat gland duct, , hair follicle etc.

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21
Q

What are the muscular system components?

A

Skeletal muscles, Axial Muscles, Appendicular Muscles, Tendons & Aponeuroses

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Skeletal movement
Control entrances and exits:
digestive, respiratory and urinary
systems.
Produce heat: shivering
Support: skeleton
Protect: soft tissues

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23
Q

Axial muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Provides support and
positioning of the axial skeleton.

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24
Q

Appendicular muscles (muscular system) function?

A

Support and move limbs

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25
Tendons and aponeuroses (muscular system) function?
Translate contractile forces into tasks (e.g. flexion, extension). Tendon – fibrous rope-like connections between muscle to bone Aponeuroses – sheet-like; most often muscle to muscle connection; also to bone
26
Skeletal system components
Bones, cartilage and joints Axial Skeleton: (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, ligaments) Appendicular skeleton: (Limb bones, supporting cartilages & ligaments) Bone Bone Marrow (red & yellow)
27
Bones, cartilage and joints (skeletal system) function
Cartilage: bone interfaces Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); fibro- (discs)
28
Axial Skeleton (skeletal system) function
Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax. Supports body weight over lower limbs.
29
Appendicular skeleton (skeletal system) function
Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
30
Bone (skeletal muscle) function
stores minerals
31
Bone marrow (red) - skeletal muscle function
Red blood cell production (flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs; lose some of this with aging).
32
Bone marrow (yellow) - skeletal muscle function
Stores of fat cells (found medullary cavity of long bones; gain with ageing; yellow to red after major bleeding)
33
Nervous system components?
Central nervous system, Brain, Spinal cord, Special senses, Peripheral Nervous system
34
Central nervous system function
Control centre Short term control over other systems
35
Brain nervous system function
Complex integrative activities Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
36
Spinal cord nervous system function
Relays information to and from brain Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)
37
Special senses nervous system function
Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium
38
Peripheral Nervous system function
Links the CNS with other systems and sense organs
39
Endocrine system components?
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, Thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads
40
Pineal gland function- endocrine system
Day night rhythms (Melatonin)
41
Hypothalamus/ Pituitary gland function
Control many other endocrine glands Regulates growth Fluid balance
42
Thyroid gland function
Metabolic rate (thyroxine)
43
Parathyroid gland function
Calcium levels
44
Thymus function
Maturation of lymphocytes
45
Adrenal glands function
Water and mineral balance (e.g. aldosterone) Tissue metabolism (cortisol) Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline)
46
Kidneys (due to major hormone producing cells) function
Red blood cell production Blood pressure up Calcium levels
47
Pancreas function
Glucose control
48
Gonads function
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
49
IGF
Insulin like growth factor hormone
50
'Gigantism"
Too much growth hormone from childhood (structural growth eg. height)
51
Acromegaly
Too much growth hormone as an adult (majority of height/physical growth is done so it impact mainly features
52
Lymphatic & Immune system components
Lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic fluid, B & T Cells, Lymph nodes including tonsils, spleen, Thymus
53
Lymphatic vessels function
Contractile vessels. Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system
54
Lymphatic fluid function
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut; Fluid from tissues
55
B cells and T cells function
Cells that carry out immune responses
56
Lymph nodes including tonsils function
Monitor composition of lymph Defence: Engulf pathogens Stimulate immune response (e.g. lymphadenopathy)
57
Spleen function
Monitors circulation blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle red blood cells Produces immune responses Like are large lymph node
58
Thymus function
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
59
Cardiovascular system components
Heart, Blood Vessels & Blood
60
Heart function
Propels blood and maintains blood pressure
61
Blood Vessels are:
Arteries Capillaries Veins
62
Blood Vessels functions
Conduits: From heart to capillaries Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids Return blood from capillaries to heart
63
Blood function
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrients and hormones Remove waste Temperature regulation Defence against illness (immune cells) Acid base balance (-HCO3)
64
Respiratory system components
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs & Diaphragm
65
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses function
Filter and warm and humidify air and detect smells
66
Pharynx function
Conducts air to larynx
67
Larynx function
Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords for vocalisation
68
Trachea function
Conducts air Cartilage keeps it open
69
Bronchi function
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
70
Lungs function
Air movement Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli Acid base control
71
Diaphragm function
Muscle for air movement
72
Digestive system components
Oral cavity, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Large intestine & Anus
73
Oral cavity function
Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
74
Salivary glands function
Buffers and lubricant Enzymes that begin digestion
75
Pharynx function
Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus Chamber shared with Resp system
76
Oesophagus function
delivers food to stomach
77
Stomach function
Secretes acid Enzymes Hormones
78
Small intestine function
Digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Absorbs nutrients
79
Liver function
Secretes bile Regulates nutrients in blood
80
Gallbladder function
Concentrates bile
81
Pancreas function
Digestive enzymes Buffers Endocrine cells
82
Large intestine and Anus function
Water removal Waste storage and removal
83
Salivary gland components
Parotid gland (near ear) submandibular gland (near jawline) sublingual gland (near chin)
84
Urinary system components
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
85
Kidneys function
Forms and concentrates urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume & blood pressure Endocrine function
86
Ureters function
Conducts urine to bladder
87
Bladder function
Stores urine prior to elimination
88
Urethra function
Conducts urine to exterior
89
what is (EPO) Erythropoietin
is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
90
(EPO) Erythropoietin function
It signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow. The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen.
91
Reproductive system in male components
Testes, Accessory organs (Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra), External genitalia Penis scrotum
92
Testes function
Produce sperm Also produces hormones (In endocrine system as well)
93
Accessory organs Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra function
Sperm maturation Sperm from epididymis Seminal fluid Seminal fluid Sperm to exterior
94
External genitalia Penis scrotum function
Reproduction and thermal control testes
95
Reproductive system in female components
Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina and external genitalia, Mammary glands
96
Ovaries function
Oocytes and hormones (In endocrine system as well)
97
Uterine tubes function
Delivery oocyte Location of fertilisation
98
Uterus function
Embryonic development
99
Vagina and external genitalia function
Lubrication Sperm reception Birth canal
100
Mammary glands function
Nutrition for new-born (This is a modified sweat gland and so also part of the integumentary system)
101
Tissues are..
A Tissue is a group of similar cells (usually of a common embryonic origin) that functions together to carry out specialised activities
102
4 basics types of tissues are..
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & nervous
103
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands Protection; filtration; secretion; absorption; excretion
104
Connective Tissue
Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (includes bone and blood) Protects and supports; binds organs together; stores energy; transport (blood)
105
Muscle Tissue
Contractile cells (muscle fibres) Movement
106
Nervous Tissue
Conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia Detects changes and generates nerve impulses

Cells & Tissues (5 decks)

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