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Biology P1 > Organisation P1 > Flashcards

Organisation P1 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a tissue is a group of similar cells that carry out a particular function.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

What do organ systems work together to create?

A

An organ system

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5
Q

What is the order of cell organisation?

A

Cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

What are the three main nutrients that food contains?

A

Carbohydrates(starch), protein, Lipids(fats)

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7
Q

What happens in the mouth during digestion?

A

food is chewed in the mouth, enzyme in saliva(amylase)break down the starch into smaller sugar molecules

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8
Q

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

A

Enzymes begin the digestion of proteins. contains hydrochlorical acids and enzymes, the churning action of the stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for the enzymes to digest

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9
Q

What happens in the small intestine during digestion?

A

chemicals are released into the small intestine from the liver and pancreas, the small food molecules produced by digestion are absorbed into the blood stream either by diffusion or active transport

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10
Q

What happens in the large intestine during digestion?

A

the water is absorbed into the bloodstream

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11
Q

What does the pancreas release to the small intestine during digestion?

A

releases enzymes which continue the digestion of starch and protein also starts the digestion of lipids

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12
Q

What does the liver release to the small intestine during digestion?

A

produces Bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Helps to speed up the digestion of lipids. Bile also neutralises the acid realised from the stomach.

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13
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

bile breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones to increase the surface area , so Lipase( fat digesting enzyme) can break down lipids faster)

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14
Q

What are proteins broken down by?

A

Enzymes called proteases.

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15
Q

Where are proteases found?

A

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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16
Q

After proteins are digested what are they converted to?

A

proteins are long chains of chemicals called amino acids, when digested they are converted to individual amino acids which are then absorbed into the blood stream

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down by?

A

Carbohydrase’s

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18
Q

what is starch broken down by?

A

enzyme called amylase

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19
Q

What do Carbohydrates produce when they are digested?

A

Starch consists of a chain of glucose molecules, when carbohydrates are digested they produce simple sugars

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20
Q

where is amylase found?

A

saliva and pancreatic fluid

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21
Q

What are lipids digested by?

A

An enzyme called Lipase

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22
Q

what does a lipid molecule consist off?

A

It consists of a molecule of glycerol and attached to it is three molecules of fatty acids.

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23
Q

where is lipase found?

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A

pancreatic fluid, small intestine

24
Q

What is an enzyme?

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A

a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being charged or used up in the process.

25
What is the lock and key theory?
The substrate must fit perfectly into the active site for the enzyme to work.
26
What happens to the enzyme when the temperature increases?
As the temperature increases, the activity of the enzyme increases( the reaction gets faster), as the temp increases, the enzyme and substrate are moving faster so there are more collisions per second between the substrate and active site.
27
What is the optimum temperature?
where the enzymes work at the fastest possible rate, at a certain temperature.
28
What happens to the enzyme as we increase the temperature past the optimum temp?
the activity of the enzyme rapidly decreases decreases to zero ( enzyme stops working) due to high temp the enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes, substrate no longer fits perfectly into the active site. The active site is denatured.
29
what is an optimum pH?
the optimum pH where the activity of the enzyme is at its maximum.
30
what happens to the enzyme when we make the pH more acidic or more alkaline the the optimum pH?
the activity drop to zero denaturing the active site.
31
What type of pH do protease enzymes in the stomach work best in?
acidic pH
32
What type of pH do lipase enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine work best in?
Alkaline pH
33
What does amylase break down starch molecules into?
Simple sugars
34
What is the required practical for effect of pH on amylase?
1) Place one drop off iodine solution into each tile of a spotting tile 2)take 3 test tube and place 2cm³ of starch solution in the first one, 2cm³ of amylase solution in the 2nd one and place 2cm³ of pH 5 buffer solution in the 3rd. 3)place all 3 test tubes in a water bath at 30 Celsius. Leave them there for 10 minutes to allow the solution to reach the correct temp. 4)combine all 3 solutions into one test tube and mix with a stirring rod. Return to the water bath immediately and start a stopwatch. 5) After 30 seconds, use the stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution to one tile in the spotting tile that consists of iodine. it will turn blue-black showing starch is present. 6) repeat and take a sample every 30 seconds ,continue till the iodine remains orange showing starch is no longer present, record the time in results 7) Repeat whole experiment several times using pH buffers for example pH 6,7,8
35
What are the problems in the effect of pH on amylase practical?
-Only taking samples every 30 seconds, only have an approximate time for the reaction to complete, could address this by taking samples every 10 second. -We are looking for the time when the iodine does not go blue-black, which is not always obvious. colour change tends to be gradual some tiles might have a small amount of blue-black mixed w orange so ca be difficult to see when the reaction is finished. address this problem by asking several people to look at the spotting tile and decide when the reaction has completed.
36
What is the food test for starch?
1) Place 2cm³ of food into a test tube or spotting tile 2)Add 2cm³ of iodine solution ( orange) 3) if starch is present the iodine solution would turn blue-black. Starch present- blue-black No starch present- Orange
37
What is the food test for sugars?
1) Place 2cm³ of food sample into a test tube 2)add 10 drops of benedict solution 3) put the test tube into a hot water bath for around 5 mins 4) if sugar is present the solution will change colour. STAYS BLUE- no sugar present GREEN- small amount of sugar YELLOW- more sugar present BRICK RED- a lot of sugar present
38
What sugars does benedict test only work for?
only works for certain sugars e.g. Glucose (reducing sugars)
39
What is the protein food test?
1) Add 2cm³ of food sample into a test tube or spotting tie 2) add 2cm³ of biuret solution (blue) 3) If protein is present the biuret solution will change purple/lilac BLUE- NO protein is present PURPLE/LILAC- protein is present
40
What is the food test for Lipids.
1) Add 2cm³ of food sample to a test tube and then add a few drops of distilled water and ethanol 2)gently shake the solution in the test tube 3) if lipids are present then a white foamy cloud will form on top of the liquid. ETHANOL is HIGHLY FLAMMABLE make sure no naked flames are present.
41
Where does the product of digestion absorb to and where does this occur.
Gets absorbed into the blood stream through the small intestine
42
What does the interior of a small intestine have and how does that affect the absportion of molecules?
It has million of Villi which massively increases the surface area for the absorption of molecules
43
What is on the villi in the small intestine?
Microvilli which increases the surface area even further
44
What does the villi have in the small intestine?
Villi have a very good blood supply (cappilaries) so the blood stream rapidly removes the prodcuts of digestion increasing the concentration gradient
45
What does the small intestine have that ensures a short diffusion path?
A thin membrane
46
If the molecules in the small intestine cant be absorbed by diffusion what are they absorbed by?
Active transport
47
How long is the human small inestine and what does this provide?
It is 5m long and that provides a very large surface area for the absorption of the products of digestion
48
What do all the products of the small intestine lead to?
It means there is a rapid rate of diffusion
49
What do arteries do?
They carry very high pressure blood from the heart to the organs in the body
50
What do arteries have that allow to perform their function?
They have very thick muscular walls which allows them to withstand the very high pressure of the blood.
51
What does blood travel through in the arteries?
Blood travels through the arteries in surges every time the heart beats
52
What happens when the blood passes through the surges in arteries ?
Elastic fibres stretch when the surge of blood passes through and then reciol in between surges which keeps the blood moving
53
What are capillaries?
Once the blood reaches the organs it flows through the capillaries, when the blood passes through capillaries substances such as glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the body cells
54
What diffuses from the body cells back into blood in the capillaries?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back to the blood
55

Biology P1 (2 decks)

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