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Biology > Organisation P2 > Flashcards

Organisation P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the uses of blood products

A
  • replaces lost blood from injury
  • some people are given platelets extracted from blood to help in clotting
  • proteins extracted from blood can be useful for antibodies
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2
Q

Risks of using blood products

A
  • the donated blood must be the same blood type as the patients in a blood transfusion otherwise the body’s immune system will reject the blood and the patient could die
  • risk of infection (extremely low)
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3
Q

What are the thin cells called that cover the top and bottom of the leaf

A
  • epidermal cells (upper epidermis and lower epidermis) which form epidermal tissue
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4
Q

What does the epidermis do

A

Protects the surface of the leave

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5
Q

Adaptation of the epidermis

A
  • it is transparent so allows light to pass through to the photosynthetic cells below
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6
Q

Adaptation of the upper epidermis

A
  • the upper epidermis is covered with the waxy cuticle which helps to prevent the leaf from drying out
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7
Q

Adaptation of the lower epidermis

A
  • has tiny pores called stomata which allow co to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave and help to control the amount of water vapour passing out of the leaf
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8
Q

Where are the guard cells found

A

On either side of the stomata

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9
Q

What is found under the upper epidermis

A
  • The palisade mesophyll which consists of palisade cells

- palisades contain chloroplasts

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10
Q

What are chloroplasts

A
  • they contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light energy needed for photosynthesis
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11
Q

What is found under the palisade mesophyll

A
  • The spongy mesophyll
  • it is full of air spaces which allow co to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells
  • oxygen also diffuses from the palisade cells through the spongy mesophyll to the stomata
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12
Q

What are the tissues in the leaf

A
  • epidermal tissue
  • xylem tissue
  • phloem tissue
  • meristem tissue
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13
Q

What does xylem tissue do

A

It transports water (which is used in photosynthesis) from the roots to the stem and leaves

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14
Q

What does xylem transport

A

Dissolved mineral ions (include magnesium) which is used to make chlorophyll

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15
Q

What does phloem tissue transport

A

Dissolved sugars produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant which is either used immediately or is stored as starch

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16
Q

What is glucose used in

A

Respiration

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17
Q

What is translocation

A

The movement of sugar and other molecules through phloem tissue

18
Q

Where is the phloem and xylem located

A
  • phloem and xylem are next to the spongy mesophyll

- the phloem are small circles and the xylem are pentagonal shapes

19
Q

Where is meristem tissue found

A

At growing tips eg shoots and roots

20
Q

What do meristem tissue contain

A
  • Stem cells

- these can differentiate into different types of plant tissue

21
Q

How are root hair cells adapted

A
  • the hairs increase surface area of the root so that it can absorb water and dissolved minerals more effectively
  • the contain lots of mitochondria
22
Q

Adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • thick walls providing support to plant

- no internal structure so dissolved minerals can flow easily

23
Q

Adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • have sieve plates, no nucleus and limited cytoplasm which allow dissolved sugars to move through the cell interior
24
Q

What is a cardiovascular disease

A
  • A disease of the heart and blood vessels

- it is non communicable

25
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease

A
  • layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries
  • this causes the coronary arteries to narrow
  • the effect of this is to reduce the flow of blood through the coronary arteries which results in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
26
Q

What could a coronary heart disease result in

A

A heart attack from the heart being starved of oxygen (can be fatal)

27
Q

What are the treatments for coronary heart disease and what do they do

A
  • statins which reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood and slows down the rate that fatty materials build up in the arteries
  • stent (for when disease causes a total blockage) which is a tube that is inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open
28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins

A
  • (ADVANTAGE) it is an effective treatment (has been proven to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease)
  • (DISADVANTAGE) unwanted side effects such as liver problems
29
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a stent

A
  • (ADVANTAGE) the blood can flow normally through the artery
  • (DISADVANTAGE) will not prevent other regions of the coronary arteries from narrowing and does not treat the underlying causes of the disease
30
Q

What is a non communicable disease

A
  • A disease that cannot be passed from person to person

- not caused by pathogens

31
Q

Examples of non communicable diseases

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • type 2 diabetes
  • most types of cancer
32
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

A
  • diet high in fat and low in vegetables (increases levels of cholesterol and the rate that fatty materials build up in the arteries)
  • diet high in salt (increases blood pressure)
  • smoking
33
Q

Risk factor for lung disease and lung cancer

A

smoking

34
Q

Effect of smoking on an unborn baby

A
  • increases risk of miscarriage
  • increases risk of premature birth
  • baby could be born with low body mass
35
Q

What lifestyle factors can harm an unborn baby

A
  • smoking

- drinking alcohol (can cause fetal alcohol syndrome which leads to learning difficulties or mental/ physical problems)

36
Q

Effects of drinking alcohol

A
  • increased risk of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
  • addiction
  • memory loss
37
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

People with type 2 diabetes struggle to control their blood glucose levels

38
Q

What are the effects of type 2 diabetes

A
  • can lead to blindness

- can require the amputation of a limb

39
Q

Risk factor of type 2 diabetes

A
  • obesity

- drinking excessive alcohol (leads to obesity)

40
Q

What factors can effect metal and physical health issues

A
  • diet
  • lifestyle
  • stress

Biology (7 decks)

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