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Sociology - Beliefs > Organisations, Movements and Members > Flashcards

Organisations, Movements and Members Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Schism?

A

A split in an existing institution

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2
Q

What does the term New Age mean?

A

A range of activities and beliefs widespread since the 1980’s

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3
Q

What two common themes characterise the New age according to Heelas?

A
  • Self-spirituality

- Detraditionalisation

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4
Q

In what four ways does Heelas see the New Age linked to modernity?

A
  • A source of identity
  • Consumer culture
  • Rapid social change
  • Decline of organised religion
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5
Q

What 3 B’s are used to measure religiosity?

A
  • Belonging
  • Behaving
  • Believing
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6
Q

What are the proposed 5 reasons for gender differences?

A
  • Risk, socialisation and roles
  • Paid work
  • Women and the New Age
  • Women, compensators and sects
  • The Pentecostal gender paradox
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7
Q

What are the three main reasons for higher levels of Women’s religiosity according to Miller and Hoffman?

A
  • Risk adversity
  • Women are socialised into being passive, obedient and caring
  • Gender roles, women have more time for religious activities
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8
Q

What is cultural defence?

A

Using religion as a defence from a racist society

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9
Q

What did Brierly (2013) show about churches and cultural defence?

A

There has been a growth in the amount of churches catered to specific languages and immigration

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10
Q

What are the two mains forms of religious organisations proposed by Troeltsch?

A

Church and Sect

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11
Q

What are the two forms of religious organisations proposed by Niebuhr?

A

Denomination and Cults

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12
Q

What are the main features of a Church? Member Size, Functioning, Ideological position, Target audience.

A
  • Millions of members
  • Bureaucratic hierarchy
  • Ideologically conservative
  • Middle-Class
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13
Q

What are the main features of a Sect? Member Size, Functioning, Ideological position, Target audience.

A
  • Small
  • Charismatic leader
  • Claim a monopoly of the truth
  • The poor
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14
Q

What are the qualities of a denomination?

A
  • They’re the mid-way between a Church and a Sect
  • They accept social values but aren’t linked to the state
  • They aren’t hostile to other groups in society
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15
Q

What are the qualities of a cult?

A
  • Highly individualistic
  • Small group of people
  • They lack a sharply defined belief system
  • Run by ‘therapists’
  • Members often leave once they’ve acquired the knowledge of the cult
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16
Q

How does Wallis see all 4 religious organisations as similar and different?

A
  • Churches and Sects claim to hold the truth whereas Cults and Denominations are tolerant of other views
  • Churches and Sects are viewed as respectful in society whereas Denominations and Cults are viewed as deviant
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17
Q

How does Bruce criticise Troeltsch’s idea of religious organisations?

A

Bruce claims this is only applicable prior to the Protestant reformation in the 16th century

18
Q

What are the three forms New Religious Movement?

A

1- World-rejecting NRMs
2- World-accommodating NRMs
3- World-affirming NRMs

19
Q

What are the 5 key features of a World-rejecting NRMs?

A

1- Clearly religious with a clear notion of god
2- Highly critical of the outside world, expecting radical change
3- Members are required to make a sharp break from their former life to achieve salvation
4- Members live communally with restricted contact to the outside world
5- Conservative moral codes

20
Q

What is the key feature of world-accommodating NRMs?

A

They accept the world for what it is and focus on restoring the purity into religion rather than changing the real world

21
Q

What are the 3 key features of world-affirming NRMs?

A

1- They optimistically accept the reality of the world
2- The are non-exclusive and tolerate other religions, offering special knowledge to their followers so they can achieve success
3- Most are cults, with ‘customers’ rather than followers

22
Q

How do Stark and Bainbridge criticise the typifications of NRM’s?

A

They say we should reject them and rather measure NRM’s by the degree of tension between the group and wider society

23
Q

What two organisations does Stark and Bainbridge say are in conflict with wider society?

A

Sects and Cults

24
Q

What causes a Sect?

A

A Schism

25
Q

What are the three categories Stark and Bainbridge organise cults into?

A

1- Audience cults
2- Client cults
3- Cultic movements

26
Q

What is an audience cult?

A

The least organised form of cult that doesn’t involve formal membership. Participation may be through the media

27
Q

What is a client cult?

A

Based on the relationship between a consultant and a client, used to be contacting the dead etc but now carries an emphasis on therapies

28
Q

What is a cultic movement?

A

The most organised form of cult that restricts the affiliation of followers with other organisations

29
Q

What is the difference between the Church and a Sect in relation to their longevity?

A

Churches last for centuries while a Sect often dies out after it’s first generation

30
Q

For what three reasons does Niebuhr argue that sects are short lived?

A

1- They die out
2- They compromise with the world
3- The abandon their ideas and become a denomination

31
Q

What three reasons are said to influence whether a sect dies out, compromises with the world or become a denomination?

A

1- The Second Generation
2- The ‘Protestant ethic’ effect
3- Death of the leader

32
Q

What are the steps in the sectarian cycle proposed by Stark and Bainbridge?

A 
1- Schism
2- Initial Fervour
3- Denominationalism
4- Establishment
5- Further Schism
33
Q

What two forms of established sects are proposed by Wilson? What are their intentions?

A

1- Conversionist. They aim to convert large numbers of people which often leads into denominationalism

2- Adventist. They await the second coming of a deity, therefore hold themselves apart from corrupt society so rarely compromise

34
Q

What are the positive and negative effects of globalisation for Sects according to Wilson?

A

Sects will find it harder to keep themselves separate from society but will find it easier to access oppressed people such as third-world members

35
Q

Despite ‘the decline of female piety’ what two reasons mean religion is more attractive to females?

A

1- Religion has a strong affinity with values such as caring for others
2- The decline of a masculine presence means the church has become feminised

36
Q

What does Woodhead theorise about Women’s attraction to the New Age?

A

It offers a third sphere, the individual sphere where women can build an inner-self, focused on individual autonomy and personal growth

37
Q

What does Brown argue about ‘self’ religions and why Women are attracted to the New Age?

A

The idea of living through subjective religion appeals to their desire for autonomy

38
Q

How does class influence Women’s religious preferences?

A

The middle-class are attracted to New-Age that encourages autonomy whereas the working-class are more attracted to the forms of religion that have them as a passive member

39
Q

What three forms of deprivation mean more women are part of sects according to Stark and Bainbridge?

A

1- Organismic deprivation
2- Ethical deprivation
3- Social deprivation

40
Q

What is Herberg’s definition of cultural transition?

A

Using religion to ease the process of assimilating into a new society

41
Q

What three reasons does Voas and Crockett give for the age differences in religiosity?

A

1- The ageing effect
2- The period or cohort effect
3- Secularisation

Sociology - Beliefs (6 decks)

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