Organisms and evolution - 1

Question 1

what three considerations must be made when doing field work?

Answer 1

• terrain
• weather conditions
• isolation

Question 2

give some examples of sampling techniques

Answer 2

• scat sampling
• transects
• point counts
• remote detection
• quadrats
• camera traps

Question 3

what three things should sampling be?

Answer 3

• random
• stratified
• systematic

Question 4

what is a point count used for?

Answer 4

used for determining species abundance

Question 5

what is a transect used for?

Answer 5

used for deterring changes in community

Question 6

why would remote detection be used?

Answer 6

used for areas that are difficult to access

Question 7

what sampling techniques are used for elusive species?

Answer 7

• camera traps

- scat sampling

Question 8

what is systematic sampling?

Answer 8

samples are taken at fixed intervals

Question 9

what is stratified sampling?

Answer 9

population is split into sub-populations

Question 10

what is used to estimate population size?

Answer 10

mark and recapture

Question 11

what are some methods of marking?

Answer 11

• banding
• collar
• tagging
• surgical implantation
• painting
• fur/hair clipping

Question 12

what three assumptions are made when estimating population size?

Answer 12

• all individuals have an equal chance of recapture
• marking doesn’t affect survival or behaviour
• there is no emigration of marked individuals nor immigration of other individuals

Question 13

what equation is used to estimate a population size?

Answer 13

N = MC/R

Question 14

how can organisms be identified?

Answer 14

• classification guides
• biological keys
• analysis of DNA or protein

Question 15

what is taxonomy?

Answer 15

defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups

Question 16

what is a model organism?

Answer 16

the best studies species within a taxonomic group

Question 17

what is an advantage of using a model organism?

Answer 17

other species may be more difficult to study

Question 18

what are the three domains of life?

Answer 18

bacteria, archaea and eukaryote

Question 19

what are the four phyla in the plant kingdom?

Answer 19

• mosses and liverworts
• ferns
• gymnosperms
• angiosperms

Question 20

what are the 5 divisions in the animal kingdom?

Answer 20

• chordata
• arthropoda
• Nematoda
• Platyhelminthes
• Mollusca

Question 21

what does genetic evidence reveal?

Answer 21

reveals relatedness obscured by divergent or convergent evolution

Question 22

what is divergent evolution ?

Answer 22

development of differing life forms from a common origin

Question 23

what does divergent evolution result in?

Answer 23

results in closely related life forms with very different phenotypes

Question 24

when does divergent evolution occur?

Answer 24

occurs when different selection pressures are acting on each lineage

Question 25

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 25

separate evolution of similar phenotypic adaptations in lineages whose ancestors did not share these adaptations

Question 26

when does convergent evolution occur?

Answer 26

occurs when very similar selection pressures are acting on these unrelated lineages

Question 27

what is a cladogram?

Answer 27

branching, tree-like diagram used to show phylogenetic relationships

Question 28

what is the study of animal behaviour called?

Answer 28

ethology

Question 29

what causes animal behaviour?

Answer 29

- genetics - external environment - internal environment

Question 30

what is an ethogram?

Answer 30

a comprehensive list/description of all the behaviours of an organism

Question 31

what is ab libitum sampling?

Answer 31

observer records key behaviours whenever they occur

Question 32

what is continuous sampling?

Answer 32

all occurrences of behaviour are recorded when they start and stop

Question 33

what is point/instantaneous sampling?

Answer 33

behaviour is sampled periodically at regular intervals

Question 34

when studying animals what is it important not to do?

Answer 34

not to use anthropomorphism (human characteristics)

Question 35

what is evolution?

Answer 35

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

Question 36

what can cause evolution?

Answer 36

- genetic drift - natural selection - sexual selection

Question 37

what is natural selection?

Answer 37

non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase survival

Question 38

what is sexual selection?

Answer 38

non-random increase in the frequency of alleles that make mating and reproduction more likely

Question 39

what is genetic drift?

Answer 39

the random change in allele frequency

Question 40

will genetic drift have the greatest effect in small or large populations?

Answer 40

small populations

Question 41

give two examples of genetic drift

Answer 41

founder effect and bottleneck effect

Question 42

what arises as a result of a mutation?

Answer 42

variation

Question 43

what are the three modes of selection?

Answer 43

- stabilising - directional - disruptive

Question 44

what is absolute fitness?

Answer 44

ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

Question 45

what is relative fitness?

Answer 45

the ratio of serving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

Question 46

how is absolute fitness calculated?

Answer 46

absolute fitness = n of F1 generation / previous generation

Question 47

how is relative fitness calculated?

Answer 47

relative fitness = absolute fitness of genotype (x) / absolute fitness of most successful genotype

Question 48

what does high selection pressure cause?

Answer 48

a rapid rate of evolution

Question 49

what can increase the rate of evolution?

Answer 49

- shorter genration times - warmer environments - sharing of beneficial DNA sequences between different lineages through sexual reproduction - horizontal gene transfer

Question 50

what is co-evolution?

Answer 50

a change in traits of one species that acts as a selection pressure on the other species

Question 51

what is the Red Queen hypothesis?

Answer 51

co-evolutionary arms race between a parasite and host. both organisms must 'keep running in order to stay alive'