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Biology Edexcel > Organisms And Life Processes > Flashcards

Organisms And Life Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Name the eight life processes that takes place in most living things

A

Require nutrition
Respire
Excrete
Respond to stimuli
Move
Control their internal conditions
Reproduce
Grow and develop

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2
Q

What is respire

A

Release energy from their food

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3
Q

What do most cells contain

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Living jelly like material that makes up most of a cell

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5
Q

What is nucleus

A

Cell organelle that contains chromosomes

Controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What is cell membrane

A

Thin surface layer around the cytoplasm of a cell

Forms a partially permeable barrier between the cell contents and the outside of the cell

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7
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Thread like structure found in the nucleus of a cell

Made of DNA and protein

Contains the genetic information (genes)

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8
Q

What are genes

A

Part of the chromosomes

Basic unit of inheritance

A length of DNA that controls the characteristics of an organism by coding for the production of a specific protein

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9
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins that act as a biological catalyst

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10
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Tiny structure in the cytoplasm of the cell

The site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is mitochondrion(a)

A

Organelle that carries out aerobic respiration,

Releasing energy for the cell

Place where most of the cells’ ATP is made (adenosine triphosphate)

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12
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Chemical present in all cells. Which acts as an energy currency

Made by respiration and used up by any process that needs a supply of energy

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13
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used up by itself

Takes part in reaction but afterwards is unchanged and free to catalyse more reactions

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14
Q

How do cells get energy

A

Through a process called respiration

Breaking down food molecules to release the stored chemical energy that they contain

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15
Q

What factors can affect the activity of enzymes

A

The concentration of enzymes
The concentration of substrate
The temperature
The pH

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16
Q

What is a substrate

A

The molecule that an enzyme acts on

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17
Q

Why are enzymes necessary

A

Temperature inside organisms are low

Without catalysts, the reactions that happen in cells would be too slow

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18
Q

What does denatured mean

A

Process where the structure of a protein is damaged by high temperature

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19
Q

What is the primary function of oxygen in our bodies

A

Oxygen is used to oxidise food

Mainly a sugar called glucose

And when oxidised, waste product of carbon dioxide and water is left behind

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20
Q

What is glucose

A

Monosaccharide sugar, the main fuel for respiration

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21
Q

What does glucose contain

A

Stored chemical energy that can be converted into other forms of energy that the cell can use

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22
Q

What is respiration

A

Chemical reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy

Some heat energy is released but most is used to make ATP

23
Q

What can ATP molecules be used for

A

Contraction of muscles

Active transport of molecules and ions

Building large molecules, such as protein

Cell division

24
Q

Glucose chemical formula

25
What is aerobic respiration
Reaction that releases energy from food. Uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water Energy from oxidation of glucose is used to add a phosphate to ADP ( adenosine diphosphate)
26
Summary of respiration process
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
27
What is ATP composed of
An organic molecule called adenosine attached to three phosphate groups
28
When energy is needed what happens to ATP
ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate, the chemical energy released from this reaction can then be used to drive metabolic processes that need it
29
What is anaerobic respiration
Reaction that releases energy from food, without using oxygen. Produces lactate in mammals Carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast
30
What is yeast
Single celled fungi
31
What is yeast used for commercially
Making wine and beer Baking bread
32
Does yeast respire aerobically or anaerobically
Both. In the absence of oxygen, yeast will respire anaerobically and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. In the presence of oxygen, yeast will aerobically respire and produce carbon dioxide and water
33
What are the three main ways that molecules and ions move through the cell membrane
Diffusion Active transport Osmosis
34
When and does diffusion happen and what is it's energy source
Happens when a substance is more concentrated in one place than another Kinetic energy of the particle is used to diffuse. It does not need an extra source of energy
35
What happens to oxygen as a result aerobic respiration
As oxygen is used up through respiration, there will be a concentration gradient between inside the cell and outside the cell. As such, oxygen will move into the cell through diffusion.
36
What happens to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration
As carbon dioxide is released during respiration. There will be a concentration gradient. As such, carbon dioxide will move out of the cell through diffusion
37
What factors affect the rate of diffusion
The concentration gradient - diffusion happens faster if there is a steep concentration gradient The surface area to volume ratio- a larger surface area in proportion to volume will increase rate The distance- it is slower if the diffusion has to take place over greater distance The temperature- diffusion is greater at higher temperatures
38
What is active transport
Movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration
39
What is osmosis
Net diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a solution with a high water potential to a solution with low water potential
40
What is a zygote
Single cell resulting from a fusion of a male and female gamete
41
What is mitosis
Type of cell division that produces diploid body cells for growth and repair of tissues
42
What are tissues
Collection of similar cells working together to perform a function
43
What is an organ
Collection of different tissues working together to perform a function
44
Name the seven main systems of the human body
Digestive system Gas exchange system Circulatory system Excretory system Nervous system Endocrine system Reproductive system
45
Digestive system
Teeth Tongue Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
46
Gas exchange system
Mouth Nose Trachea Bronchus (I) Bronchioles Alveolus(I)
47
Circulatory system
Heart Blood vessels- arteries, veins and capillaries
48
Excretory system
Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra
49
Nervous system
Brain Spinal cord Nerves
50
Endocrine system
Glands
51
What is stem cell
Cells that can divide several times but remain undifferentiated Present in early embryo and in some adult tissues such as bone marrow, skin and the lining of the intestine
52
What is stem cell therapy
The use of stem cell to treat (or prevent) a disease, or to repair damaged tissues
53
Most common form of stem cell therapy
Bone marrow transplant, which is used to treat patients with conditions such as leukemia

Biology Edexcel (2 decks)

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