organistation stuffs

Question 1

preparation of the food sample

Answer 1

get piece of food and break it up using pestle and mortar
transfer ground up food to a beaker and add distilled water
stir mixture w/ glass rood to dissolve some of food
filter solution w/ funnel lined w/ filter paper to get rid of solid parts of food

Question 2

test 4 sugers

Answer 2

prepare food same and transfer 5cm^3 to test tube
prepare water bath at 75 degrees
add benedicts solution using pipette
place test tube in water bath using test tube holder and leave for 5 min. ensure tube is pointing away frm u
if turns from blue to red orange yellow green sugar present

Question 3

test for starch

Answer 3

transfer 5cm^3 of food sample to test tube.
add iodine solution, gently shake tube
if goes from orange to blue/blaack, starch present

Question 4

test 4 protein

Answer 4

prepare sample of food and trasnfer 2cm^3 of sample to test tube
add 2cm^3 biruet soluion to samle and mix contents of tube by gently shaking
if change from blue to purple, protein present

Question 5

test for lipid

Answer 5

prepare sample of food. transfer 5cm^3 to test tube
add 3 drops of sudan 3 stain solution to test tube n gently shake
if lipis present two layers form, top layer bright red. if no lipid, no red layer forms

Question 6

whats cancer

Answer 6

uncontrolled cell division

Question 7

benign tumour

Answer 7

tumour grows until no more room. doesnt spread. doesnt invade other tissues in body.

Question 8

malignant tumour

Answer 8

tumor grows and spreads to nearby healthy tissues
can also travel to other parts of body via bloodstream
they then invade tissues and form secondary tumours.

Question 9

which tumour type is cancer

Answer 9

malignant

Question 10

cancer risk factors

Answer 10

smoking
obesity
uv exposure
viral infection
genetics

Question 11

adaptations of le guard cells

Answer 11

when plant has lots of water, guard cells go plump and turgid. stomata open so gases can be echanged for photosynthesis
when short of water, guard cell lose water and become flaccid and close to stop water vapour escaping
then outer walls and thick inner walls make opening and closing work
sensitive to light - close at light to save water without losing out on photosynthesis
kidney shaped to open and close stomata
more stomata on underside of leaf as its shaded and cooler so less water lost

Question 12

stents avatage

Answer 12

effective for long time
recovery time from surgery is quick
lower risk of heart attack

Question 13

stents disavantage

Answer 13

risk of complications during operation
risk of infection from surgery
risk of thrombosis - blood clot near the stent

Question 14

statin avatage

Answer 14

reduce ldl cholesterol in blood
increase amount of hdl cholsterol
can also prevent some other diseases
easy to take

Question 15

statin disvantge

Answer 15

must be taken regularly for the rest of your life. risk someone forgets
could cause engative side effects
not instant effect

Question 16

artificial heart used for

Answer 16

use until donor heart can be found or help person recover by letting heart rest and heal

some cases permanent fix

Question 17

avantage le artificiel heart

Answer 17

wont be rejected by body

Question 18

disavantage heart de artificiales

Answer 18

surgey can lead to infection n bleeding
dont work as well as normal hearts
could wear out, electrical motor could fail
could cause blood clots leading to strokes
drugs needed to be taken to thin blood which can cause problems if they get injured

Question 19

faulty heart valves

Answer 19

valves can be damaged by heart attack infection or old age
damage can cause valve tissue to stiffen so it wont open properly or it leaks and allows backflow of blood

Question 20

where can replacement valves be soirced from

Answer 20

humans or other mammals e.g cows pigs
or can be mechanical valves

Question 21

risk of artificla valve

Answer 21

blood clots

Question 22

artificial bloooooood

Answer 22

is a blood substitute eg salt solution
used to replace lost volume of blood

Question 23

rate blood flowww

Answer 23

volume of blood/ number of minutes

Question 24

breating rateeee

Answer 24

number of breaths/number of mins

Question 25

parts of le microscopie

Answer 25

stage - where microscope slide placed clips - hold the slide in place lamp - light from it passses through microscope slide objective lenses - allow u to look at a magnified specimin eyepiece - where u look through eyepiece lens - has a magnification of 10x

Question 26

microscope practicallllll

Answer 26

put slide on stage use clips to hold slide in place slsect lowest power objective lens poisiton objective slide so it is alsmost touchning slide, to do this turn coarse focusing dial. then turn it again until cells come in focus. then use fine focusng dial to bring cells to clear focus increase magnification until can see clearly

Question 27

effect of ph on amylase practical - preparation

Answer 27

place one drop of iodine into well of spotting tile in one test tube put 2cm^3 starch solution, in other one put 2cm3 amylase solution, in other one put 2cm3 ph 5 buffer solution

Question 27

effect of ph practical

Answer 27

place all three in water bath 30 degree 10 min for solutions to reach correct temps then combine 3 solutions into 1 test tube and mix with stirring rod. return tube to waterbath and start stopwatch after 30 sec add one drop of solution to well in spotting tile that has iodine - should turn blue/black do this with each drop every 30sec until one drop makes iodine not change colour record time taken until this happen repeat experiment using different ph buffers

Question 27

problems with expermient ph

Answer 27

taking sample every second - gives approx time. could sample every 10 sec instead looking for time iodine doesnt turn blue black - hard to tell as there may be small bits of blue black - could ask multiple people to look and decide if finished

Question 27

when plant cell in water what happensnsssss

Answer 27

water moves into cell and cell expands

Question 28

what happen when plant cell in concentrated solution

Answer 28

water leaves cell causing it to shrink

Question 28

first step osmosis prctical

Answer 28

peel potato as potato skin can affect osmosis

Question 28

2n step osmosis practical

Answer 28

use cork borer to make 3 cylinders of potato. cylinders must have sae diameter

Question 28

3rd step osmosis practical

Answer 28

use scalpel to trim cylinders to same length

Question 28

4th step osmosis practical

Answer 28

measurelength and mass of cylinder

Question 28

5th step osmosis practical

Answer 28

add 10cm3 of 0.5 molar sugar solution to a test tube add 10cm3 of 0.25 molar sugar solution to second test tube add 10cm3 of distilled water to third test tube

Question 28

6th step osmosis practictal

Answer 28

leave potato cylinders overnight to allow osmosis to take place

Question 29

why is distilled water used

Answer 29

doesnt contain dissolved sbstances which would affect rate of osmosis