Organization of Body

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

The study of structure of the body.

Question 2

The function of a tissue/organ is closely linked to its ______.

Answer 2

Structure

Question 3

Define physiology.

Answer 3

The study of biological function.

Question 4

Layers of the body from smallest to largest. (5 layers)

Answer 4

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

Question 5

Define what a cell is and state their functions.

Answer 5

Simplest structural units of multicellular organism.

1) Exchange materials with their environment
2) Obtain energy from organic nutrients
3) Synthesize complex molecules
4) Duplicate themselves
5) Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment

Question 6

Define Cell Differentiation.

Answer 6

Cells specialize to perform certain functions.

Question 7

Name the four broad types of differentiated cells and provide an example of each.

Answer 7

1) Muscle cells (myocytes): skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells
2) Neural cells (neurons): afferent neurons, inter neurons, motor neurons
3) Epithelial cells: skin tissue cells
4) Connective tissue cells: blood cells

Question 8

Define what a tissue is.

Answer 8

A tissue is an aggregate of differentiated cells with similar properties/functions.

Question 9

Name the four general types of tissues.

Answer 9

1) Muscle tissue
2) Nervous tissue
3) Epithelial tissue
4) Connective tissue

Question 10

What are muscle cells specialized to do?

Answer 10

Generate mechanical force by contraction.

Question 11

Skeletal muscles are muscles that are activated _______. (Under _______ control).

Answer 11

Voluntary. Conscious.

Question 12

Cardiac and smooth muscles are activated ________. (Under ________ control).

Answer 12

Involuntarily. Unconscious.

Question 13

What are neurons specialized to do?

Answer 13

Initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells.

Question 14

What are epithelial cells specialized to do?

Answer 14

Specialized for selective secretion, absorption of ions and organic molecules, and protection.

Question 15

Define a simple epithelium.

Answer 15

One cell-thick layer.

Question 16

Define a stratified epithelium.

Answer 16

Multiple layers of cells.

Question 17

What are connective tissue cells specialized to do?

Answer 17

Connect, anchor and support structures of the body.

Question 18

Name 5 types of connective tissues.

Answer 18

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue (I.e. ligaments, tendons)
3) Blood
4) Cartilage
5) Bone

Extra) Adipose tissue

Question 19

What does connective tissue form around cells?

Answer 19

The extracellular matrix (ECM).

Question 20

What is the ECM composed of and what is its purpose?

Answer 20

Fibrous proteins (I.e. collagen and elastin).

Provides scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information.

Question 21

Define an organ.

Answer 21

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

Question 22

Define an organ system.

Answer 22

Organs that are linked together to serve an overall function.

Question 23

Why does an organism coordinate the activities of organ systems?

Answer 23

To maintain a stable internal environment.

Question 24

If cells can perform their own fundamental activities, why are the functions of the organ systems essential for survival?

Answer 24

• Most cells are isolated from external environment
• Existence of a stable internal environment made up of fluids in distinct compartments
• Constant balance between internal fluid compartments is necessary for bodily function

Question 25

What is the “internal sea” that cells exist within made of?

Answer 25

Extracellular fluid (ECF).

Question 26

Why are mammals with a closed vascular system compartmentalized?

Answer 26

To enable exchange of nutrients and waste.