Organization Of Life Exam

Question 1

Know the structure and function of the organelles in a plant cell

Answer 1

Vacuole- sack used to store food

Cytoplasm – breaks down sugar to generate energy

Golgi Apparatus - flatten sac membrane that modifies sorts and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles

Chloroplast – contains chlorophyl in thylakoids

Mitochondria – energy generator convert fuel particles into useable energy

Rough, endoplasmic reticulum – site for protein and lipid synthesis and packaging provide large surface area where cellular functions take place has ribosomes

Smooth, endoplastic, reticulum – area where ribosomes are attached carbs, lipids and phospholipids are synthesized lack ribosomes

Nucleus – direct the cell processes contains most of the cells, DNA stores all info

Nucleolus Dash is the site that produces ribosomes

Cell wall, a solid barrier that provides support and protects the plant cell

Ribosomes-help manufacture proteins

Question 2

Know the structures that make up the cell membrane

Answer 2

Phospholipids (bilayer or double layer) composed of a phosphate group, glycerol and two fatty acids. Extrinsic proteins located on exterior of cell and intrinsic proteins embedded in the cell membrane.

Question 3

Define hypertonic hypotonic and isotonic

Answer 3

Hypotonic– Aleutians surrounding cell has higher concentration than the cell water molecules move into the cell (could result in cell bursting)

Hypertonic– solutions surrounding cell has lower water. Concentration in the cell. Water moves out of the cell. The cytoplasm shrinks away from the wall and plant wilts can lead to death.

Isotonic – solutions surrounding cell has equal water, concentration both inside and outside the cell. The net movement is equal in both directions.

Question 4

Define active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

Answer 4

Active transport – requires chemical energy ATP from the cell to move substances against the concentration gradient(movement of molecules from low to high concentration) occurs through protein pumps

Endocytosis – the process of molecules entering the cell cell membrane is folding around molecules either through pinocytosis or phagocytosis

Exocytosis – the process of molecules exiting the cell cell membrane is folding to release molecules

Question 5

Where are most of ATP made? Where does this occur?

Answer 5

The electron transport chain found in the cristae or folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 6

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 6

Aerobic means with oxygen and anaerobic means without oxygen

Question 7

One glucose molecule makes how many ATP?

Answer 7

36 to 38 ATP

Question 8

another name for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Fermentation

Question 9

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 9

Glycosis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Question 10

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 10

6CO2+6H2O + light energy

Or

Carbon dioxide water and sunlight

Question 11

What are the products of the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 11

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Or

Glucose and oxygen

Question 12

Why is chlorophyl important?

Answer 12

The chlorophyl in the leaves, absorbs light energy, which drives the reactions needed to produce sugars from CO2

Question 13

where do light reactions and light independent reactions occur?

Answer 13

Light reactions or light dependent reactions occurring metalloids or discs of the chloroplast

Light independent reactions occur in the stoma or fluid of the chloroplast

Question 14

What is chemosynthesis?

Answer 14

Uses chemical energy from inorganic molecules like sulphur to be used as food to make energy ATP doesn’t need the sun

Question 15

what do all eubacteria have in common?

Answer 15

No organelles or nucleus

Question 16

Which organisms have peptidoglycan?

Answer 16

Bacteria

Question 17

where are the different groups of archaebacteria found?

Answer 17

Halophiles- they live in high salt concentration areas, so some examples would be island, waters and ocean borders

Thermoacidophiles- can be found in hot acidic environments like sulphur springs and Coal debris

Methanogens – live in anaerobic conditions meaning doesn’t require oxygen this would include water environments.

Question 18

What types of bacteria need oxygen, and do not need oxygen?

Answer 18

Obligate anaerobes- do not need oxygen (methogens)

Facultative anaerobes- can live with or without oxygen ( halophiles)

Obligate aerobes- need oxygen (acid files)

Question 19

What structure is fungi made up of?

Answer 19

Hyphae individual threadlike structures
Mycelium
Cell wall made out of chitin
Fruiting bodies

Question 20

What is the function of xylem phloem?

Answer 20

Xylem – water, carrying vascular tissue, composed of specialized cells, lack of cytoplasm, allows water to flow freely through the cells, transport materials, away from roots

Phloem- transports, dissolve sugars, and other organic compounds throughout the plant transports from leaves and stems to roots and from roots to leaves and stems.

Question 21

what is the difference between the stamen and the carpal/pistol?

Answer 21

The stamen is the male parts of the flower which produces the pollen and the pistol is the female part of the flower produces ovules which develop into seeds

Question 22

What is an example of bio feedback, fluid regulation, and thermoregulation?

Answer 22

Bio feedback – brain maintains constant internal environment by making adjustments to counteract changes of the external environment. If a level is too high or low, the body will adjust to maintain balance.
Ex) human sweats, one hot dog pants, one hot

Fluid regulation, – maintain a balance between minerals and water in the body
Ex) amoeba has contractile vacuoles to control fluids

Thermal regulation – ability for body to reach constant internal core temperatures

There are two types
endotherm create heat through metabolic processes (warm, blooded)
Ex) dogs can create heat

Ectotherm which maintain heat through environment (cold blood)
Ex) amphibians are not able to control their body temperature their temperature changes with the temperature of the environment around them

Question 23

What is an example of mutualism, commensalism and parasitism?

Answer 23

Mutualism – when both organisms benefit

Commensalism – one organism benefits in the other organism is not helped nor harmed

Parasitism – one organism benefits at the expense of another

Question 24

What is taxonomy?

Answer 24

Branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms, the study of classification

Organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and sub groups based on similarities that reflect the relationship over a period of time

Question 25

Name the domains and the kingdoms

Answer 25

Domains – archea, bacteria, eukaraya Kingdom – arceabacteria, eubacteria, protists , fungi, animalia, and plantae

Question 26

How do an amoeba Euglena and paramecium move?

Answer 26

Amoeba move by pseudo pods they extend outwards and grip onto the surface the cytoplasm flows to the extended area pushing it further outward the rest of the cell follows the leading pseudopod and then detaches from the surface and the process repeats Euglena move using their tail like structure the flagellum located at the anterior of the cell. It acts like a propeller and it moves in a whip like motion that pushes it towards. It navigates where it is going through its eyespot it detects light and moves there. Paramecium move by their many hair like structures called cillia. They coordinate in waves that help move the cell either forward or backwards. The cillia extend outwards then contract back in. If it runs into an obstacle it can actually back up and re route its self.

Question 27

How do the Protista fungi plant and animal obtain nutrients pick a specific structure from a kingdom and explain how it obtains nutrients in the organism

Answer 27

The Amoeba is part of the protist kingdom and are heterotrophic meaning they cannot make their own food and have to ingest it from another source . They use pseudo pods to extend out and surround the food particle. It then engulfs and closes around the food forming a food vacuole. This is a process called phagocytosis. The food is then broken down by digestive enzymes into sugars and amino acids that are then used for energy. Then the left over waste is expelled from the cell by the cell membrane unfolding

Question 28

Given an example of a morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptation

Answer 28

Morphological – change in structure of an organism Ex) An ant eater has an Elongated snout to help reach deep areas in a sticky tongue to suck a bugs, long claws to break into bug habitats Physiological – change in function of an organism Ex) skunks with their spray, or chameleons use pigment cells to colour themselves to either blend in with the environment or communicate with other chameleons Behavioural – changes in reaction to environment Ex) migration in birds moved to a warmer climate, and bears in hibernation which reduce metabolic activity to enter deep, sleep to conserve energy and skip harsh cold conditions, and food scarcity

Question 29

What is the difference between phototropism, geotropism and thigmotropism?

Answer 29

Phototropism – the growth or movement of an organism in response to a stimulus could be towards or away Geotropism – the growth response of a plant in reaction to gravity Ex) roots will grow down, no matter where the seed is placed Thigmotropism- plants, directional growth in response to touch or physical contact Ex) vines, climbing up a wall

Question 30

What are the levels of classification in order?

Answer 30

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Denmark kings play chess on fine gold set

Question 31

Define diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

Diffusion – the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration Ex) spray perfume in air Rate of diffusion can be affected by concentration, temperature, size of molecule and physical state Osmosis – the movement of water(or other solvent) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration Facilitated diffusion – is diffusion through transport proteins